Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies

.: REVIEW
Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Müzik Etkinliklerinin Sosyal ve Bilişsel Gelişim Üzerine Etkilerinin Nörofizyolojik Kurama Temellendirilerek İncelenmesi
Investigation of the Effects of Music Activities on Social and Cognitive Development in ChildrenWith Autism Spectrum Disorders By Basing Neurophysiological Theory
Yeşim ZÜLKARa, Selin SÖYÜNMEZa, Fatma Dilek TURAN GÜRHOPURa, Ayşegül İŞLER DALGIÇa
aAkdeniz Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği ABD, Antalya, TÜRKİYE
J Tradit Complem Med. 2020;3(2):203-10
doi: 10.5336/jtracom.2019-70962
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 -Erken çocukluk döneminde ortaya çıkan nörogelişimsel bir bozukluk olan otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB), sosyal iletişim ve etkileşim yetersizliği, sınırlı yineleyici davranışlar ile karakterize ve özel eğitime ihtiyaç duyulan bir durum olarak tanımlanmıştır. Günümüzde %1,48'lere varan yüksek oranlarda olduğu bildirilmiştir. Kırılgan ama kazanılabilir bu nüfusta hedef daima bu çocukların üretken nüfusa dönüştürülmesidir. Hedefe yönelik çocuğa en uygun bakım, terapi ve rehabilitasyon uygulamaları yapılmalıdır. Müzik, OSB olan çocuklarda en sık kullanılan ve tüm aktivitelere entegre edilebilecek bir uygulamadır. Müziğin eğitimde, tüm çocuklarda en etkili araçlardan biri olduğu 'nörofizyolojik kuram' ve 'beyin temelli öğrenme ilkesi' ile açıklanabilmektedir. Müzik ve nörofizyolojik kuram ilişkisi; bugüne kadar birbiri ile ilişkisi konuşulmayan iki kavramdır. Ancak bu iki kavram arasında muhteşem bir köprü-geçiş ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu kuram ve ilkeye göre beynin birçok alanının eş zamanlı uyarılmasını sağlayan müzik, öğrenmede mucizevi bir yoldur. Yapılan çalışmalar, müziğin OSB olan çocukların sosyal davranışları, çevresel bilinci, seslendirme ve dikkat aralığını, vokal taklidini, iletişimi ve göz kontağını olumlu yönde etkilediğini göstermiştir. Bu derlemedeki amaç, terapi olan ya da olmayan müzik etkinliklerinin OSB olan çocuklardaki sosyal ve bilişsel gelişim üzerine etkilerini nörofizyolojik kurama temellendirerek inceleyip, elde edilen sonuçlar ile ebeveyn ve sağlık profesyonellerine rehberlik etmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk; otizm spektrum bozukluğu; müzik terapi; nörofizyolojik kuram
ABSTRACT
 Autism Spectrum Disorder, which is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in early childhood, is characterized as a lack of social communication and interaction, limited repetitive behavior, and special education is needed. It has been reported to be high up to 1.48%. In this fragile but recoverable population, the goal is always to transform these children into productive populations. The most appropriate care, therapy and rehabilitation practices should be provided for the targeted child. Music is the most commonly used application for children with autism-spectrum-disorder and can be integrated into all activities. It can be explained by 'neurophysiological theory' and 'brain based learning principle' that music is one of the most effective tools in education in all children. According to this theory and principle, it is a miraculous way of learning music that enables the simultaneous stimulation of many areas of the brain. Studies have shown that music positively affects social behaviors, environmental awareness, vocal and attention span, vocal imitation, communication and eye contact of children with autism-spectrum-disorder. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of music activities with or without therapy on the social and cognitive development of children with autism-spectrum-disorder based on the theory of neurophysiology and to guide parents and health professionals about the use of music activities in the care and rehabilitation of these children.

Keywords: Child; autism spectrum disorder; music therapy; neurophysiological theory
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