Family Psychopathology

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ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Erdinç ÖZTÜRK
İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Adli Tıp ve Adli Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyal Bilimler ABD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Değerli Bilim İnsanları,

Normallikten psikopatolojiye olan uzamda yakın ilişki dinamiklerini değerlendirebilmek adına 'normal aile modeli', 'disfonksiyonel aile modeli' ve 'patolojik aile modeli' olmak üzere üç aile modeli bulunmaktadır ki bu üç aile modeli, klinik psikoloji ve psikiyatri uygulamalarındaki hem bireysel psikoterapilerin hem de aile psikoterapilerinin asıl çalışma odaklarını oluşturmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki 'normal aile modeli' olarak adlandırılmış olup psikiyatrik tanısı olmayan normal bireylerden oluşur. Normal ve ruhsal açıdan entegre bir yeni nesil ancak ve ancak normal aile modeline sahip ebeveynlerce yetiştirilebilir. İkincisi 'görünürde normal aile modeli' ya da 'disfonksiyonel aile modeli' olarak adlandırılmış olup tanı alan bir çocuk ve genellikle tanı almayan ancak eşik altı tanı kriterlerinin görüldüğü ebeveynlerden oluşur. Sonuncusu ise 'patolojik aile modeli' olarak adlandırılmış olup bu modelde neredeyse tüm aile üyelerinin en az bir psikiyatrik tanısı bulunmaktadır.

Disfonksiyonel ve patolojik aile modelleri bir toplumda psikopatolojinin kuşaklararası geçişine ya da aktarımına hizmet etmektedir. Ancak disfonksiyonel aile modeline sahip bireylerin patolojik aile modeline sahip olanlardan sayıca oldukça fazla olması nedeniyle kuşaklararası psikopatoloji geçişinde en majör rolü bu disfonksiyonel aile modeline sahip ebeveynler oynarlar. Kuşaklararası travma geçişinde de en majör rol yine bu disfonksiyonel aile modeline sahip olan ebeveynlerindir. Disfonksiyonel aile modeli, tutarsız ve kaotik ilişki dinamikleriyle karakterize bir 'yanlış çocuk yetiştirme stili' olarak fonksiyon göstermekte olup çocukluk çağı travmalarına neden olan bu model, kendi içerisinde oldukça katı, sağlıksız, inisiyatifsiz ve patolojik bir yapılanmaya sahiptir. Bu yapı köklerini, kuşaklararası bir tarihten almaktadır ve adeta psikotarihsel bir perspektif yöneliminde görünürde normal aile iletişim dinamikleriyle psikopatolojinin kuşaklararası geçişi ya da aktarımı gerçekleşmektedir. Disfonksiyonel aileler, ebeveynlerinden öğrendikleri ve farkında bile olmadan kendi çocuklarına uyguladıkları çelişkili ve psikopatojen dinamiklerin kuşaklararası geçişi ile karakterizedir. Disfonksiyonel aileler şiddet odaklı ve empatiden uzak yanlış çocuk yetiştirme stillerini kendi öz çocuklarına bir cezalandırma yöntemi olarak kullanmakta ve aslında travmatize edilmiş hatta 'kurban' edilmiş birey, hem kendi ailesi hem de aile dışındakiler tarafından 'hasta' olarak etiketlenip kolaylıkla kontrol edilmektedir.

Gelişim odaklı ve ruhsal açıdan entegre bireylerden oluşan ailelerin ortalamaya oranı arttığında toplumda yeni bir insan ve aile tipinin varlık göstermesi olanaklı kılınır. Aile, kuşaklararası gelişimde bilginin, tecrübenin, merhametin, adaletin, sadakatin, geleneğin ve travmatik yaşantılarla baş edebilme stratejilerinin ebeveynden çocuğa aktarıldığı toplumun hem en önemli hem de en değerli ajanıdır. Bu aktarımda pozitif donatılar kadar negatif donatılar da yer alabilmektedir ki ku şaklararası değişim; 'kuşaklararası gelişim' ve 'kuşaklararası fosilleşim' olmak üzere iki zıt yönde varlanışını sürdürmektedir. Toplumun en değerli ve en önemli ajanı olan bu ailelerin bütünsel hareketi, bir ülkeyi bilimin, sanatın ve insani değerlerin ön planda olduğu bir yörüngeye taşıyabileceği gibi o ülkeyi bir öfke ve intikam sarmalında hatta savaşların kapsama alanında kuşatıcı travmatik yaşam deneyimleriyle karşı karşıya bırakabilmektedir. Bu eksende aile psikopatolojileri, 'kuşaklararası gelişim' ile negatif, 'kuşaklararası travma geçişi' ve 'kuşaklararası psikopatoloji geçişi' yani 'kuşaklararası fosilleşim' ile pozitif bir ilişki dinamiği hâlinde varoluşuna devam etmektedir. Kuşaklararası fosilleşim, geçmişten günümüze olan devir aşımlarında kadın ve çocuklara değer vermeyen çoğu ülke ve toplumların nihayetinde tarih sayfalarından silinmesini sağlamıştır ve sağlamaya devam etmektedir.

Adeta bir cezalandırma aracı olarak fonksiyon gören ya da yarı bilinçli veya 'kesintili bilinçli' olarak dissosiyojen bir aile atmosferinde tercih edilen çocukluk çağı ruhsal travmaları ve empatiden uzak şiddet odaklı çocuk yetiştirme stilleri ile büyütülen ilkel bir neslin kendilerine ve liderlerine merhamet ve adalet duyguları asla öğretilemez ki zaten merhamet ve adalet duygularından yoksun biri hem gerçek bir lider olamaz hem de toplumunu 'kuşaklararası fosilleşim' sürecine sürükler. Öztürk fosilleşimi, yanlış çocuk yetiştirme stillerini benimseyen ailelerdeki çocuk ve kadın düşmanlığının, hem eşlenik bir ilkel eksende varlanması hem de bireylerden topluma yayılım göstermesi sonrasında ortaya çıkan bütünleşik ve geçişken 'şiddet dolanımı' olarak tanımlamıştır. Öztürk'e göre,'kuşaklararası fosilleşim'; yanlış çocuk yetiştirme stillerini hem benimseyen hem de uygulayan disfonksiyonel ailelerin, bir 'çağ ve insanlık dışı bilinç birliği' yaratarak şiddet odaklı ve gelişim karşıtı vandalist toplumlara transforme olması ve bu şiddet odaklı ve gelişim karşıtı vandalist toplumların kuşaklararası eksende hüküm sürmesidir. Dünyanın bütün zamanlarında fosilleşim süreçlerindeki toplumlarda bilim, sanat ve medeniyet kadar merhamet, adalet ve sadakat de yokluk göstermeye başlar ki bu toplumların kendi içinden yetişen ileri bir kesimin ortalamayı aşarak gelişim yönelimli kırılma yaratabilmesi ancak devir aşımları sonrasında ortaya çıkan devrimler ya da göç yoluyla gerçekleşebilir.

Fonksiyonel ailelerin bütünselinde büyük oranlarda var olan pozitif iletişim dinamikleri ve empati odaklı çocuk yetiştirme stilleri, o toplumun bütün bireyleri adına hem ulusal hem de uluslararası platformlardaki barışı, gelişimi ve huzuru beraberinde getirmektedir. Savaşların ve terörizmin varlanışında ise, 'şiddet odaklı ve gelişim karşıtı disfonksiyonel aileler' ile 'kuşaklararası fosilleşim', süreci etken bir rol oynar. Aile içi istismar döngülerindeki dinamikler, savaş ve terörizm süreçlerinde de toplumsal olarak yeniden eylem bulur. Bu yeniden eylemler ise, psikotravmatoloji ve psikotarih açıdan savaş ve terörizm yanlısı insanların aile psikopatolojilerinin ve çocukluk çağı ruhsal travmalarının net bir göstergeleridir. Çünkü sadece ruhsal açıdan sağlıklı ve entegre olan bireyler ya da toplumlar; gelişim yönelimlidir, çocuklarına öncelikle doğayı sevmeyi, merhametli ve adil olmayı öğretirler; hem öz çocuklarını hem de diğer insanları travmatize etmezler ve ettirmezler.

Prof. Dr. Erdinç ÖZTÜRK
Editör
Dear Scientists,

There are three family models, namely the 'normal family model', 'dysfunctional family model' and 'pathological family model' to evaluate the intimate relationship dynamics from normality to psychopathology. These three family models constitute the study focus of both individual psychotherapies and family psychotherapies in clinical psychology and psychiatric practice. The first one of these, named the 'normal family model', consists of normal individuals without a psychiatric diagnosis. A normal and psychologically integrated new generation can only be raised by parents with a normal family model. The second one, named the 'apparently normal family model' or 'dysfunctional family model', consists of a child diagnosed and parents who are usually not diagnosed, however meet sub-diagnostic criteria. The last one, named the 'pathological family model', in which almost all family members have at least one psychiatric diagnosis.

Dysfunctional and pathological family models serve for the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology in a society. However, parents with dysfunctional family model play the vital role in the intergenerational psychopathology transmission since individuals with a dysfunctional family model are considerably more in number than those with a pathological family model. The dysfunctional family model, which functions as a 'negative child-rearing style' characterized by inconsistent and chaotic relationship dynamics, and causes childhood traumas, has a rather rigid, unhealthy, non-initiative and pathological structure within itself. This structure takes its roots from an intergenerational history and with the apparently normal family communication dynamics the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology takes place in an almost psychohistorical perspective. The dysfunctional families are characterized by the intergenerational transmission of contradictory and psychopathogenic dynamics which are learned from their parents and are later applied to their children unwittingly. The dysfunctional families use violence-focused and non-empathetic negative child-rearing styles as a punishment method for their own children and indeed the traumatized or even 'victimized' individual is easily controlled by labeling as 'sick' by both his/her own family and people outside his/her family.

When the rato of families consisting of development-oriented and psychologically integrated individuals increases to the average, the existence of a new type of person and family in the society becomes possible. In intergenerational development, family is both the most important and the most valuable agent of the society where knowledge, experience, compassion, justice, loyalty, tradition, and strategies for coping with traumatic experiences are transferred from parent to child. In this transmission, negative reinforcement can take place as well as positive reinforcement so that intergenerational change continues to exist in two opposite directions namely 'intergenerational development' and 'intergenerational fossilization'. The holistic movement of these families, which are the most important and the most valuable agent of the society, may take a country to a trajec tory where science, art and human values are at the forefront as well as expose this country to encompassing traumatic life experiences in the impasse of anger and revenge even in the scope of wars. At this point, family psychopathologies continue to exist in a negative relationship dynamic with 'intergenerational development' and positive relationship dynamic with 'intergenerational transmission of trauma' and 'intergenerational transmission of psychopathology' which is called 'intergenerational fossilization'. From past to the present, intergenerational fossilization has finally made and continues to make most of the countries and societies that do not value women and children disappear from the pages of history.

Childhood traumas functioning as a mean of punishment or semi-conscious or 'discrete conscious' preferred in a dissociogenic family atmosphere and a primitive generation raised with violently oriented child-rearing styles without empathy can never be taught the feelings of compassion and justice to themselves and to their leaders, as, in any case, someone who lacks the feelings of compassion and justice cannot be a true leader and also leads his/her society to the process of 'intergenerational fossilization'. Öztürk described the fossilization as the integrated and transitional 'circulation of violence' that emerges hatred of children and women in families that adopt empathetic negative child-rearing styles both after existing on a mapped primitive axis and spreading from individuals to society. According to Öztürk, 'intergenerational fossilization' is the transformation of dysfunctional families, who both adopt and practice negative child-rearing styles, into vandal societies which are violent and opposed to development by creating an 'era and the unity of inhuman consciousness'. In all times of the world, in societies in the process of fossilization, compassion, justice and loyalty as well as science, art and civilization begin to disappear so that the ability of an advanced segment of these societies to create a development-oriented fracture by exceeding the average ones can only happen through revolutions or migration which occur over eras.

Positive communication dynamics and empathy-oriented child-rearing styles, which are present substantially in most functional families, bring about peace, development and tranquility in both national and international platforms on behalf of all members of the society. In the existence of wars and terrorism, 'dysfunctional families which are violently oriented and opposed to development' and the process of 'intergenerational fossilization' have an essential role. Additionally, the dynamics in the cycles of domestic abuse have social re-action in the processes of war and terrorism. From the perspective of psychotraumatology and psychohistory, these re-actions are clear manifestations of the family psychopathologies and childhood traumas of people who support war and terrorism. Because, just and only psychologically healthy and integrated individuals or societies are development-oriented, they teach their children to love nature, to be compassionate and to be fair, and they don't traumatize and let others traumatize both their own children and other people.

Prof. Dr. Erdinç ÖZTÜRK
Editor

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