Primary Immunodeficiency and Malignancy

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ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Ayşe METİN
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Ankara Şehir Hastanesi, Çocuk İmmünolojisi ve Alerji Hastalıkları BD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Doğuştan immünite bozuklukları (PİY) ve bunların içinde özellikle DNA tamir hastalıkları, genel topluma göre ciddi bir malignite geliştirme riski ile karşı karşıyadırlar. Kayıt temelli çalışmalara göre kümülatif rölatif risk 1.4-5 kat olarak verilmektedir. Ancak risk, altta yatan genetik durum ile değişkenlik göstermekte ve Amerika İmmün Yetmezlik Ağının son verilerine göre malignitelerin de dar bir çeşitlilik gösterdiği izlenmektedir. Daha çok, yaşa uygun kontrollere göre 8-10 kat daha yüksek risk gösteren lenfoid maligniteler ön plandadır. Bu risk ile ilgili farkındalık giderek artarken, maligniteye neden olan mekanizmalar hâlen tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır.

Tanınabilen ve genetik tanımı yapılabilen immün yetmezlikler çok nadir olmakla beraber nispeten sık görülen bazı immün yetmezliklerde, örneğin Sık Değişken İmmünyetmezlikte (CVID) malignite prevalansının %8-21 arasında değiştiği, DNA tamir bozukluklarında (örn. Ataksi-Telanjiektazi, Nijmegen Kırılma sendromu ve Bloom sendromunda) %19-42 arasında olduğu gösterilmektedir. Uluslararası işbirliği ile giderek büyüyen hasta kohortlarında Kombine İmmün Yetmezlikler de [örn. CD27eksikliği, CD70 eksikliği, Aktiflenmiş PI3K delta (APDS1 ve APDS2) sendromlarında] hastalar oldukça önemli malignite hızları göstermektedir. PİY/DNA tamir defekti hastalıkları spektrumunda hastaların %60- 70'inde lenfoid maligniteler oluşmakta, kontrol kohortlar ile karşılaştırıldığında bunların daha çok çocukluk yaş grubunda geliştiği görülmektedir. PİY/DNA tamir defektlerinin tedavisi ile uğraşan gruplar, malignitelerin hem klinik hem histopatolojik tanılarının, özellikle malignite öncesi non-malign lenfoproliferasyon varlığında geciktiğini bildirmektedirler. Benzer şekilde tedavi de, enfeksiyon sıklığının artmış olması, ciddi ve hayatı tehdit eden seyirleri, klasik kemoterapi veya radyoterapiyi takiben oluşan toksisiteler nedeniyle karmaşıklaşır. Bu faktörler verilebilecek tedavinin yoğunluğunu da düşürür. Tanı zorluğu, artmış komorbidite, toksisite ve azalmış tedavi yoğunluğu hastaların prognozunu etkilemekte ve maligniteyi bu grup hastada en başta gelen ölüm nedeni hâline getirmektedir. Klinisyenlerin immün yetmezliklerde malignite taramaları için rehberlere gereksinim duydukları da bildirilmektedir. Bütün bu zorluklarla başa çıkmaya başlayabilmek için hâlen Avrupa İmmünoloji (ESID) ve Pediatrik Hematoloji-Onkoloji Cemiyetleri (EBMT, RITA, iBFM, EICNHL) temsilcileri bir arada çalışarak tüm dünyadaki meslektaşlarla işbirliği yaparak anahtar gelişimsel öncelikleri belirlemeye çalışmaktadırlar.

Birçok enfeksiyon ajanının hem sporadik hem PİY'lerde hematolojik ve non-hematolojik malignitelerin gelişmesinde rolleri kanıtlanmıştır. Özellikle EBV, lenfoproliferatif süreçlerde ve aynı zamanda yumuşak doku tümörlerinde önemli bir oranda saptanmaktadır. HPV'lar epitelial malignitelerde, Helicobacter pylori mide kanseri ve ekstranodal marginal zon lenfomada ilişkili bulunmaktadır. Bu mikroorganizmaların özellikle PİY/DNA tamir defektlerinde, onkojenik sürece götüren mekanizmaları iyi bilinmemekle birlikte EBV'nin LMP1 proteini aracılığı ile direkt onkojenik olduğu biliniyor. Bu nedenle EBV'ye aşırı duyarlılığı olan hastaların kanser geliştirme riski yüksektir. Bazen aynı şartlar altındaki, aynı mutasyona sahip kardeş iki hastada, aynı enfeksiyon ajanı farklı maligniteler gelişmesine yol açabilir ve bunun nedeni enfeksiyonun yetersiz kontrol altına alınmasının ötesinde daha karmaşık olabilir. Konak immün sisteminin tümör immün-gözetimindeki rolü de önemlidir.

Çeşitli PİY/DNA tamir defektlerinde lenfosit matürasyonu, sinyalizasyon, apoptoz, DNA hasar cevabının disregülasyon ve bozukluk göstermesi, tümör immün-gözetimini bozacaktır. Bunun en iyi örneği ALPS'de klonal olarak çoğalmış lenfosit popülasyonlarının apoptoz eksikliği nedeniyle maligniteye eğilim yaratmasıdır. DNA tamir defektlerinde bu hücresel işlevlerin birbirini etkilemesi de dikkate değerdir. Bu hastalarda birçok onkojenik potansiyeli olan nedenler birbirine eklenir (örn. T ve B hücre reseptörleri gelişiminde genlerin yeniden düzenlenmesi, immünglobulin sınıf değişimi, somatik hipermutasyon sırasında oluşan çift sarmal DNA hasarı; hem enfeksiyonlar hem de tümör immün-gözetimi için gerekli olan immün repertuarın yeterince geniş olmaması gibi). Bu onkojenik faktörlerin oransal katkıları da henüz iyi anlaşılmamıştır. PİY'lerde kansere duyarlılık ile ilgili gözlemlerimiz giderek artıyor olsa da potansiyel nedenlerin oransal önemlerini tanımlayabilmek için derinlemesine araştırmalara ihtiyaç olacaktır.

Türkiye Klinikleri'nin bu kitabında immünoloji, onkoloji, patoloji, hematoloji ve kemik iliği nakli gruplarından hekimler bir araya getirilerek PİY/DNA tamir defektlerinde özellikle lenfoid malignitelerle ilgili güncel bilgiler tanımlanmaya çalışıldı. Amacımız bu hastalıklarda malignitenin klinik tanısını ve maligniteye eğilim nedenlerinin anlaşılmasını kolaylaştırmak, histopatolojik tanı ile ilgili bilgiyi artırmak, hematopoetik kök hücre nakli dâhil diğer yeni hedeflenmiş, daha az toksik olan tedaviler ile ilgili güncel bilgiyi vermek, tümör patogenezini anlamak, primer olarak malignite ile karşımıza çıkan hastalarda PİY/DNA tamir defektlerinin aranması konusunda farkındalık oluşturmaktır.

Bütün yazarlara bilimsel destekleri için teşekkür eder, bu kitabın hepimizin bu konudaki vizyonunu genişletmesini dileriz.

Prof. Dr. Ayşe METİN
Editör

KAYNAK
1. Bomken S, Werff Ten Bosch J, Attarbaschi A, Bacon CM, Borkhardt A, Boztug K, et al. Current understanding and future research priorities in malignancy associated with inborn errors of immunity and DNA repair disorders: The perspective of an interdisiplinary working group. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02912
Congenital immune disorders (PIDs), and especially DNA repair diseases, are at serious risk of developing a malignancy compared to the general population. According to record-based studies, the cumulative relative risk is given as 1.4-5 times. However, the risk varies with the underlying genetic status, and according to the latest knowledge from the Immunodeficiency Network of America, malignancies are also observed to show a narrow variety. Lymphoid malignancies are leading with 8-10 times higher risk compared to ageappropriate controls. While awareness of this risk is increasing, the mechanisms causing malignancy are still not fully understood.

Although immunodeficiencies that can be recognized and defined genetically are very rare, the prevalence of malignancy in some relatively common immunodeficiencies such as Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) varies between 8-21%, while in DNA repair disorders (for example Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome and Bloom Syndrome), it has been shown to be between 19-42%. Combined Immunodeficiencies are also growing in patient cohorts with international cooperation [In this group such as CD27 deficiency, CD70 deficiency, and activated PI3K delta (APDS1 and APDS2) syndromes], patients show very important malignancy rates. In the spectrum of PID / DNA repair defect diseases, 60-70% of patients develop lymphoid malignancies, compared to the control cohorts, it is observed that they develop mostly in childhood. Groups dealing with the treatment of PID/DNA repair defects report that both clinical and histopathological diagnoses of malignancies are delayed, especially in the presence of non-malignant lymphoproliferation before malignancy. Likewise, treatment is complicated by increased frequency of infections, serious and life-threatening course, toxicities following classical chemotherapy or radiotherapy. These factors also decrease the intensity of the treatment that can be given. Difficulty in diagnosis, increased comorbidity, toxicity, and decreased intensity of therapy affect the prognosis of patients and make malignancy the primary cause of death in this group of patients.

It is also reported that clinicians need guidelines for screening for malignancy in immune deficiencies. In order to cope with all these challenges, representatives of the European Immunology (ESID) and Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Associations (EBMT, RITA, iBFM, EICNHL) work together with key colleagues from all over the world. they try to identify developmental priorities.

Many infectious agents have been proven to play a role in the development of hematological and non-hematological malignancies in both sporadic and PIDs. Especially EBV is detected in lymphoproliferative processes and also in soft tissue tumors. HPVs are associated with epithelial malignancies, Helicobacter pylori stomach cancer and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma. Although the mechanisms of these microorganisms leading to the oncogenic process are not well known, especially in PID/DNA repair defects, EBV is known to be directly oncogenic through the LMP1 protein. Therefore, patients with hypersensitivity to EBV have a high risk of developing cancer. Sometimes, in two sibling patients with the same mutation under the same conditions, the same infection agent can lead to the development of different malignancies, and the reason may be more complicated far beyond the inadequate control of infection.

The role of the host immune system in tumor immune surveillance is also important. Lymphocyte maturation, signaling, apoptosis, dysregulation and impairment of the DNA damage response in various PID/ DNA repair defects will impair tumor immune surveillance. It is also noteworthy that cellular functions affect each other. In these patients, causes with many oncogenic potentials are added together (i.e. genetic rearrangement of genes in the development of T and B cell receptors, immunoglobulin class switch, double helix DNA damage during somatic hypermutation; the immune repertoire, which is essential for both infections and tumor immune surveillance, are not large enough). The proportional contributions of these oncogenic factors are not yet well understood. Although our observations about cancer susceptibility are increasing in PIDs, in-depth research will be needed to identify the relative importance of potential causes.

Türkiye Klinikleri, in this book, brought together physicians from the clinical immunology, oncology, pathology, hematology and bone marrow transplantation group and tried to define up to date information particularly on the lymphoid malignancies in.PID/ DNA repair defects. Our aim is to facilitate the clinical diagnosis of malignancy and the understanding of the causes of tendency to malignancy in these diseases, to increase the knowledge about histopathological diagnosis, to provide up-to-date information about other newly targeted, less toxic treatments including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, to understand tumor pathogenesis and to raise the awareness of the search for PID/ DNA repair defects in patients who primarily we encounter with malignancy.

We would like to thank all the authors for their scientific support and wish this book to broaden our vision on this matter.

Prof. Dr. Ayşe METİN
Editor

REFERENCE

1. Bomken S, Werff Ten Bosch J, Attarbaschi A, Bacon CM, Borkhardt A, Boztug K, et al. Current understanding and future research priorities in malignancy associated with inborn errors of immunity and DNA repair disorders: The perspective of an interdisiplinary working group. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02912

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