Autoimmune Liver Diseases

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Fulya GÜNŞAR
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Gastroenteroloji BD, İzmir, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Değerli meslektaşlarım,

Bu kitabımızda özel konu olarak ''Otoimmün karaciğer hastalıkları'' seçilmiştir. Bu konuyu seçmemizdeki amacımız; otoimmün karaciğer hastalıkları hakkında farkındalığı artırmak, tanı yaklaşımı, patogenez ve tedavi konularını son literatür eşliğinde sizlere sunmak, bu hastaların yönetimine ışık tutmaktır. Otoimmün karaciğer hastalıkları olarak, otoimmün hepatit, primer biliyer kolanjit, primer sklerozan kolanjit, varyant (örtüşme-overlap) sendromlar, IgG4 ile ilişkili karaciğer ve safra yollarının tutulduğu hastalıklar, bu kitabın ana konularıdır.

Otoimmün karaciğer hastalıkları, ülkemizde kronik viral hepatit ve alkol kullanım bozuklukları ile ilişkili karaciğer hastalıklarından sonra gelen en sık kronik karaciğer hastalığı ve karaciğer transplantasyonu gerektirebilen hastalık grubudur. Otoimmün hepatit, %30 civarında akut hepatit olarak başlayabilir, viral hepatit ve toksik hepatit ile karıştırılabilir, zamanında karaciğer biyopsisi ve kortikosteroid tedavisi ile tedavi edilebilir ve bu yaklaşım, akut karaciğer yetmezliğini giderek karaciğer nakli ihtiyacını ortadan kaldırabilir. Şiddetli hastalığı olup da tanı konulamayan dolayısı ile de tedaviye ulaşamayan hastaların %40'ı 6 ay içinde ölüme gidebilir. Oysaki standart bir tedaviyle %90 civarında iyi yanıt alınır. Otoimmün hepatitte tanıya gidiş ve uygun tedavi seçeneklerini bu kitabımızda detaylı ve açık bir şekilde bulabileceksiniz.

Primer biliyer kolanjit, kimi zaman semptomlar başlamadan anti-mitokondriyal antikorların pozitif olması ile ilk akla gelmelidir ve erken tedavi ile hastalığın siroza gidişi önlenebilir. Bazen bu hastalar; kaşıntı şikâyeti ile Dermatoloji, otoimmün tiroidit şikâyeti ile Endokrin, Sicca sendromu şikâyeti ile Romatoloji, postmenopozal kadınlar bazı semptomlarla Kadın Doğum kliniklerine ve sonrasında İç Hastalıkları veya Gastroenteroloji kliniklerine başvurarak primer biliyer kolanjit tanısı alabilirler. Primer biliyer kolanjit ursodeoksi kolik asit (UDCA) ile %60 olguda iyi yanıt verirken , yanıt alınamayan olgularda yeni tedavi seçenekleri ümit vericidir ve önümüzdeki yıllarda bu hastaların yönetimi daha kolay olacaktır. Yakın tarihte iki peroksizom proliferatör aktive edici reseptör (PPAR) agonisti (elafibranor ve seladelpar), primer biliyer kolanjit tedavisi için FDA tarafından hızlandırılmış onay almıştır. Bu sene Amsterdam'da Avrupa Karaciğer Hastalıkları Kongresinde (EASL), primer biliyer kolanjitte PPAR agonistleri ve safra asitlerinin ileum safra asidi taşıyıcısı (IBAT) inhibitörlerinin kullanımı ile ilgili çok sayıda sunum vardı.

Primer sklerozan kolanjit tanı ve görülme sıklığı, özellikle 1980'den itibaren ERCP ve MRCP'nin daha yaygın kullanımı ile artmıştır. Primer sklerozan kolanjitin UDCA'ya tedavi yanıtı iyi değildir. Dominant darlıklarda ERCP tedavi amaçlı kullanılabilir. IgG4 ilişkili kolanjit kimi zaman kolanjiosellüler karsinomla, bazen de pankres tümörü ile tanı karışıklığına neden olabilir. Bu hastaları doğru yönetebilmek, gereksiz ameliyattan kaçınmak gerekir. Bu kitapta; sizi zorlayabilecek tanı aşamaları, tedavi olanakları detaylı bir şekilde sizlere sunulmaktadır. Variant sendromlar da bazen gereksiz olarak overlap tanısı alabilir. Özellikle otoantikorlar, karaciğer biyopsi bulguları, ilgili klinisyen, patolog ve radyolog ile tartışılarak bu hastaların ayırt edilmesi ve doğru tanıya ulaşılması mümkündür. Bu nedenle, sadece UDCA tedavisi ile düzelebilecek hastalara, gereksiz immünsupresif tedavi verilmemesi gerekir.

Bütün tedavilere rağmen hastaların tedaviye cevapsız durumlarında, karaciğer sirozu gelişir ve dekompanze olur ve karağer nakli yapılması gerekir. Nakil sonrası özel takip gerektirir ve bu hastalara ait nakil sonrası izlem ve tedavi önerileri de yazılarımızda detaylı olarak tartışılacaktır.

Bu kitaba emek harcayan çok kıymetli tüm yazar hocalarımıza ve Türkiye Klinikleri Yazı İşlerinde desteğini veren teknik ekip görevlilerine teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Okuyuculara faydalı olması dileğiyle...

Sevgi ve saygılarımla.

Prof. Dr. Fulya GÜNŞAR
Editör
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Gastroenteroloji BD, İzmir, Türkiye
Dear colleagues,

In this book, the special topic has been chosen as ''Autoimmune liver diseases''. Our aim in choosing this topic is to increase awareness about autoimmune liver diseases, to present the diagnostic approach, pathogenesis and treatment issues with the current literature, to you and to shed light on the management of these patients. As autoimmune liver diseases, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, variant (overlap) syndromes, IgG4- related diseases involving the liver and bile ducts are the main topics of this book.

Autoimmune liver diseases are the most common chronic liver disease and disease group that may require liver transplantation in our country after chronic viral hepatitis and liver diseases associated with alcohol use disorders. Autoimmune hepatitis may start as acute hepatitis in around 30%, may be confused with viral hepatitis and toxic hepatitis, may be completely cured with timely liver biopsy and corticosteroid treatment, and this approach may prevent the acute liver failure and the need for liver transplantation. 40% of patients with severe disease who cannot be diagnosed and therefore cannot reach treatment may die within 6 months. However, a good response is obtained in around 90% with standard treatment. You will be able to find detailed and clear information on the diagnosis and appropriate treatment options in autoimmune hepatitis in this book.

Primary biliary cholangitis should be considered in a patient with a positive antimitochondrial antibody before the symptoms begin, and early treatment can prevent the progressing of the disease to cirrhosis. Sometimes these patients may apply to Dermatology with itching, Endocrinology with autoimmune thyroiditis, Rheumatology with Sicca syndrome, and Gynecology clinics with some symptoms in postmenopausal women and then after they can be diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis in Gastroenterology clinics. Primary biliary cholangitis responds well to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in 60% of cases, while new treatment options are promising in cases that do not respond to UDCA, and the management of these patients will be easier in the next years. Recently, two peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor (PPAR) agonists(elafibranor and seladelpar) have received accelerated approval by the FDA for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. At the European Liver Diseases Congress (EASL) in Amsterdam in this year, there were many presentations on the use of PPAR agonists and inhibitors of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) of bile acids in primary biliary cholangitis.

The diagnosis and incidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis have increased, especially since 1980, with the more widespread use of ERCP and MRCP. The treatment response of primary sclerosing cholangitis to UDCA is not good. ERCP can be used for treatment in dominant strictures. IgG4-related cholangitis can sometimes cause diagnostic confusion with cholangiocellular carcinoma and sometimes with pancreatic tumor. It is necessary to manage these patients correctly and avoid unnecessary surgery. In this book, the diagnostic stages and treatment options which could be difficult are presented in detail. In variant syndromes, sometimes unnecessary overlap diagnoses can be made. It is possible to differentiate these patients, especially by discussing autoantibodies, liver biopsy findings with the relevant clinician, pathologist and radiologist, and to reach the correct diagnosis. Thus, unnecessary immunosuppressive treatment should not be given to patients who can only recover with UDCA treatment.

Despite all treatments, some patients do not respond to treatment, liver cirrhosis develops and decompensates, and liver transplantation can be required. Special follow-up is required after transplantation, and post-transplantation follow-up and treatment recommendations for these patients will be discussed in detail in our articles.

I would like to thank all our valuable authors who participated in this book and the technical team members who supported the Editorial Department of Türkiye Klinikleri. I hope it will be useful for readers...

Kind regards.

Prof. Dr. Fulya GÜNŞAR
Editor
Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, İzmir, Türkiye

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 154 - 153
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 197
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 197
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com