Atrioventricular Septal Defects

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Cemal Levent BİRİNCİOĞLU
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara Bilkent Şehir Hastanesi, Çocuk Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi BD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Günümüzde Down sendromu gibi yüksek riskli çocukların taranması ve fötal ekokardiyografinin gelişmesi, tanının erken konulmasını kolaylaştırmıştır. Down sendromlu çocukların ameliyatlarının yaygınlaşması konuyu güncelleştirmiştir. Atriyoventriküler septal defektler (AVSD), konjenital kalp hastalıklarının en ilginç konularından biridir. Hastalık kalbin merkezinde, kavşağındadır. Biraz karışıktır. Biraz geometri, biraz akışkanlar dinamiği işin içine karışır. Üç boyutlu, hatta kapak dokularının doğumdan sonraki 6 ay içerisinde gelişiminin devam ettiğini hesaplayıp zamanlamayı da işin içine katarsak 4 boyutlu düşünme gerektirir.

AVSD denilince atriyoventriküler membranöz septumun defektleri anlaşılmaz. Membranöz septumun atriyoventriküler kısmının defektlerine ''Gerbode'' defektleri ya da membranöz (perimembranöz de denebilir) AVSD denilir.1 AVSD'ler farklıdır. AVSD'ler boşluklar arasındaki basit bir delikten çok, kalbin bölünme anomalileridir.2 Kalbin embriyolojik gelişiminde atriyoventriküler kanalın organizasyonunda problem vardır. Eskiden Gerbode ile karıştırmamak için atriyoventriküler kanal defektleri ya da endokardiyal yastık defektleri terimi de kullanılmıştır. Bugün için atriyoventriküler kanalın yanı sıra atriyal septumun ve ventriküler septumun organizasyonunda da problem olduğu için, defekt sadece endokardiyal yastıkları ilgilendirmekten daha kompleks olduğu için ''atriyoventriküler septal defektler'' terimi tercih edilmektedir. Embriyodan fetus gelişirken kalp de düz tüp şeklinden kıvrılarak, sağ ve sola bölünerek tüm septumlarının ve kapaklarının merkezde fibröz bir iskelette toplandığı son şekline evrilir. AVSD'lerde bu yapıların merkezde birleşmesinde fibröz iskeletin organizasyonunda problem vardır. Bu organizasyonda noksanlık olabileceği gibi yanlış birleşme de oluşabilir. Genelde, normal kalbin fibröz iskeletinde membranöz septum ve sağ fibröz trigon arasında bulunan ve atriyoventriküler kanalı ikiye bölen fibröz bağlantı (devamlılık), bozulmuştur, atriyal ve ventriküler septumlar normal gelişimini tamamlayamamışlardır. Bu komponentlerin noksanlıkları geniş bir yelpazede dağıldığından bunların düzeltilmeleri de biventriküler tamirlerden univentriküler düzeltmelere kadar, primum ASD tamirinden sadece özel merkezlerde yapılabilen komplike ameliyatlara kadar değişebilir.

AVSD ile Down sendromu arasında güçlü bir ilişki vardır. Down sendromlu hastaların yaklaşık üçte birinde komplet tip AVSD, yirmide birinde parsiyel AVSD bulunmuştur.3 Bugün için AVSD'li olgularda en az üç farklı genetik yapının bulunduğu düşünülmektedir: Biricisi Down sendromu ile birlikte görülenler, ikincisi kromozom 21 anomalisi bulunmadan otozomal dominant olarak genetik geçişli olanlar, üçüncüsü izole olarak ortaya çıkanlar.3-5 Genel kural olmasa da Down sendromu olan hastalarda genellikle atriyoventriküler kapak ortaktır (komplet form), diğer olgularda ise sağ ve sol olarak bölünmüştür. Bu da embriyolojik gelişim mekanizmalarının farklı olduğunu düşündürebilir.

Özellikle Down sendromlu olgular, üst solunum yolu obstrüksiyonuna sekonder hipoksi, pulmoner vaskülarizasyonda anormal artış, anormal nitrik oksit ve prostanoid salımına bağlı vazokonstriksiyon ve vazodilatasyon dengesinin bozulması gibi nedenlerle hipoksiye daha duyarlıdırlar. Hipoksiye yatkınlık ve duyarlılık, pulmoner vasküler hastalığın daha çabuk gelişmesine yol açar. Bizim asistanlığımızda Down sendromlu bebekler yüksek mortalite ve morbiditeleri olması ve bu çocukların kendilerine, aileye ve topluma yük oldukları düşüncesiyle ameliyatları yapılmazdı. Son 10 yılda cerrahi olmadan nadiren çocukluk dönemini geçebilen komplet AVSD'li (ortak atriyoventriküler kapaklı) Down sendromlu bu çocuklarda, yenidoğan dönemi ameliyatlarının neticelerinin iyileşmesiyle sağ kalım önemli derecede artmıştır. Buna rağmen Down sendromlu bu çocukların perinatal dönemde tanınıp, ABD'de %30'lara kadar ulaşan gebeliğin elektif sonlandırılması eğilimi devam etmektedir.6 Günümüzde ortak atriyoventriküler kapaklı Down sendromlu bebekler mortalite ve morbiditelerinin düzelmesi, kendi kararlarını verebilecek bireyler hâline gelebileceklerinin anlaşılması nedeniyle erken dönemde (bir çok merkezde 6 ay içinde) ameliyat edilirler.

AVSD'lerde klinik tablo ve prognoz, ventriküllerdeki şantlar ve volüm-basıç yüklenmeleri ile belirlenir.

Atriyal, ventriküler, ventrikülo-atriyal şantlar: Neredeyse her zaman soldan sağa şantın olduğu, septum primumun kusurlu olduğu ostium primum adı verilen atriyal bir defekt (primum ASD) vardır. Ayrıca primum ASD'li hastaların üçte birinde, ayrı sağ ve sol atriyoventriküler kapak orifislerine sahip olanlarda bile, küçük bir sağdan sola şant vardır. Atriyal septum ortak atriyoventriküler bileşkeye göre sola doğru yer değiştirdiğinde, sistemik venöz kan, sol ventriküle ve dolayısıyla aorta yönlenebilir. Ortak bir atriyum olarak tanımlanan, atriyal septumun hemen hemen hiç olmadığı kişilerde, sistemik ve pulmoner venöz dönüşler birbirlerine karışırlar. Özellikle atriyal izomerizmi olan hastalarda anormal venöz dönüş bulunduğunda karışım daha da artar.

AVSD'de geçişe kısıtlılık oluşturmayan bir ventriküler komponent varsa (geniş VSD), ventriküler şantın akış yönü, iki ventrikülün çıkışlarındaki dirence bağlı olarak değişecektir. Şantın yönü subaortik stenoz veya aort koarktasyonu varsa soldan sağa, sağ ventrikül çıkış yolu darlığı veya pulmoner vasküler hastalık varsa sağdan sola doğru olacaktır. Bunların hiçbiri yoksa şant basit bir VSD'de olduğu gibi soldan sağa doğru olacaktır.

Kapak morfolojisinden bağımsız olarak tüm AVSD'nin yarısından fazlasında ventrikülo-atriyal şant görülür. Ortak kapaklı AVSD'de ventrikülo-atriyal şant sistol boyunca septumu köprüleyen yaprakçıkların karşı karşıya gelememesi sonucunda regürjitan volüm olarak oluşur. Ancak hastaların beşte birinde bu şant önemlidir. Genellikle doppler de sol ventrikülden sağ atriyuma doğru gözükür. Sağ ventrikülden sol atriyuma şant nadirdir, olursa arteriyel desatürasyonla birliktedir.

Volüm yüklenmesi: Atriyal düzeyde soldan sağa şant, göreceli olarak hastamın ventriküllerinin kompliyansına bağlıyken ve sıklıkla sağ ventrikül volüm yüklenmesi oluştururken, ventriküler şant pulmoner ve sistemik vasküler yatakların direncine bağlıdır ve genellikle sol ventrikülün aşırı volüm yüklenmesine yol açar. Tek (ortak) atriyoventriküler kapaklı olgularda her iki ventrikül de aşırı volüm yüküne maruz kalır (komplet AVSD'ler). Kısıtlayıcı atriyal defekti olanlarda (küçük ASD) sol ventrikül volüm yükü baskın olurken, sol ventrikül inletindeki şant geçişi kısıtlılığı bulunanlarda sağ ventrikül volüm yükü baskın olur (transizyonel ve parsiyel AVSD'ler). İster tek orifis ister bölünmüş iki ayrı orifis bulunsun, bu olgularda valvüler regürjitasyon sıktır. İki orifisi bulunan olgularda regürjitasyon daha sıktır, bununla beraber sistemik ventrikülü ilgilendirdiğinden sol taraftaki regürjitasyon klinik açıdan daha önemlidir. Regürjitasyon bulunduğunda bu var olan volüm yükünü daha da arttırır. Tek atriyoventriküler kapakta bir kaçak bulunursa, bu sanki sol ventrikül ile sağ atriyum arasında şant varmış gibi bir hemodinamik etki yaratır. Neticede ortak kapaklı olgularda hem kapak yetmezliği hem de septal defektler yoluyla aşırı bir sol-sağ şant oluşur.

Basınç yüklenmesi: Pulmoner hipertansiyon ve sağ ventrikül basınç yüksekliği önemli problemdir. Sağ ventrikül basıncı en sık olarak, AVSD'nin engelsiz ventriküler bileşeni nedeniyle (kısıtlılığı olmayan VSD) yükselir. Bununla birlikte sağ ventriküler hipertansiyon, artan sol atriyal basıncı sonunda gelişen pulmoner hipertansiyon nedeniyle de yüksek olabilir. Bu atriyal septumun ventriküler septuma göre malalignment göstermesi (yer değişimi) sonucu da görülebilir. Atriyoventriküler kapağın darlığı ya da yetmezliği özellikle de sol ventrikül-sağ atriyum şantı pulmoner hipertansiyon üzerinde etkili olabilir. Bu olgularda pulmoner hipertansiyon özellikle izole VSD'li olgulardan daha çabuk gelişir.

Eğer ventriküller ve atriyumlar iyi gelişmişse, atriyoventriküler yaprakçıkların bölünmelerine ve şantların seviyelerine göre AVSD'ler komplet, intermediyet, transizyonel ve parsiyel (primum ASD de denir) olmak üzere 4 tipe ayrılırlar. Olguların klinikleri ve ameliyat zamanlamaları buna göre değişir. İntermediyet tipteki AVSD'de eğer VSD kısmı 4 mm'den küçükse klasik ASD gibi davranır ve transizyonel AVSD olarak adlandırılır. Komplet ve intermediyet tipler 6 ay içinde, transizyonel ve parsiyel AVSD'ler 2-5 sene içinde ameliyat edilmelidirler. Eğer ventriküler gelişim dengeli değilse tek ventrikül yaklaşımları uygulanır.

Özellikle komplet AVSD'li Down sendromlu bebeklerin yoğun bakımda ekstübasyonları problemlidir. Yüksek oranda pulmoner hipertansif kriz görülebilir. Bu bebeklerin önceden hazırlanmaları gerekebilir. Ameliyat sonrası sol atriyum basıncının sağ atriyum basıncından (santral venöz basıncı) 6 mmHg'den yüksek olması önemli sol atriyoventriküler kapak yetmezliği veya darlığı anlamına gelebilir. Ciddi sol atriyoventriküler kapak yetmezliği bir yıllık mortalite artışı ile birliktedir.

Prof. Dr. Cemal Levent BİRİNCİOĞLU
Editör
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara Bilkent Şehir Hastanesi, Çocuk Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi BD, Ankara, Türkiye

Kaynaklar
1. Gerbode F, Hultgren H, Melrose D, Osborn J. Syndrome of left ventricular-right atrial shunt; successful surgical repair of defect in five cases, with observation of bradycardia on closure. Ann Surg. 1958;148(3):433-46. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195809000-00012.
2. Becker AE, Anderson RH. Atrioventricular septal defects: What's in a name? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982;83(3):461- 9.
3. Rowe RD, Uchida I. Cardiac malformation in mongolism: a prospective study of 184 mongoloid children. Am J Med. 1961;31:726-35. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(61)90157-7.
4. Cousineau AJ, Lauer RM, Pierpont ME, Burns TL, Ardinger RH, Patil SR, et al. Linkage analysis of autosomal dominant atrioventricular canal defects: exclusion of chromosome 21. Hum Genet. 1994;93(2):103-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00210591.
5. Emanuel R, Somerville J, Inns A, Withers R. Evidence of congenital heart disease in the offspring of parents with atrioventricular defects. Br Heart J. 1983;49(2):144-7. doi: 10.1136/hrt.49.2.144.
6. de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko BG. Estimates of the live births, natural losses, and elective terminations with Down syndrome in the United States. Am J Med Genet A. 2015;167A(4):756-67.
Today, screening of high-risk children such as Down syndrome and the development of fetal echocardiography have facilitated early diagnosis. The widespread use of surgeries for children with Down syndrome has brought the issue up to date. Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) are one of the most interesting congenital heart diseases. The disease is in the center of the heart at its junction. It is a bit complicated. Some geometry, some fluid dynamics are involved. It requires three-dimensional thinking, even 4-dimensional thinking if we take time into account, because the valve tissues continue to develop within 6 months after birth.

AVSD does not refer to defects of the atrioventricular membranous septum. Defects of the atrioventricular portion of the membranous septum are called ''Gerbode'' defects or membranous (also perimembranous) AVSDs. AVSDs are different.1 AVSDs are anomalies of division of the heart rather than a simple hole between the cavities.2 In the embryological development of the heart, there is a problem in the organization of the atrioventricular canal. In the past, the term atrioventricular canal defects or endocardial cushion defects were also used to avoid confusion with Gerbode. Today, the term ''atrioventricular septal defects'' is preferred because there is a problem in the organization of the atrial septum and ventricular septum as well as the atrioventricular canal, and the defect is more complex than just involving the endocardial cushions. As the fetus develops from embryo, the heart evolves from a straight tube to its final shape, which is curved, divided to the right and left and in which all septums and valves are gathered in a fibrous skeleton in the center. In AVSDs, there is a problem in the organization of the fibrous skeleton in the central assembly of these structures. The problem in AVSDs lies in the organization of the fibrous skeleton of the heart and the correct fusion of these structures in the center of the heart. In general, the fibrous connection (continuity) between the membranous septum and the right fibrous trigone in the fibrous skeleton of the normal heart, which divides the atrioventricular canal into two, is disrupted, and the atrial and ventricular septums have not completed their normal development. Since there is a wide range of deficiencies in these components, their correction can vary from biventricular to univentricular corrections, and from primum ASD repair to complicated operations that can only be performed in specialized centers.

There is a strong association between AVSDs and Down syndrome. Approximately one third of patients with Down syndrome have complete AVSD and one twentieth have partial AVSD.3 Currently, at least three different genetic patterns are thought to be present in patients with AVSD: Firstly, those associated with Down syndrome, secondly, those with autosomal dominant genetic inheritance without chromosome 21 abnormality, and thirdly, those seen in isolation.3-5 Although not a general rule, patients with Down syndrome usually have a common atrioventricular valve (complete form), whereas in other cases the atrioventricular valve is separeted into left and right. This may suggest different embryologic developmental mechanisms.

Especially Down syndrome patients are more susceptible to hypoxia due to upper airway obstruction, abnormal increase in pulmonary vascularization, and impaired balance of vasoconstriction and vasodilation due to abnormal nitric oxide and prostanoid release. This susceptibility to hypoxia leads to a more rapid development of pulmonary vascular disease. 30 years ago, Down syndrome babies were not operated on because of their high mortality and morbidity and the idea that these children were a trouble to themselves, their families and society. In the last 10 years, the survival of these children with Down syndrome with complete AVSD (common atrioventricular valve), who rarely survive childhood without surgery, has improved significantly due to improved outcomes of neonatal surgery. Despite this, there is still a tendency to identify these children with Down syndrome in the perinatal period and to electively terminate the pregnancy, which reaches up to 30% in the USA.6 Today, infants with Down syndrome with common atrioventricular valves are operated early (within 6 months in many centers) due to the improvement in mortality and morbidity and the understanding that they can become individuals who can make their own decisions.

The clinical picture and prognosis in AVSDs are determined by shunts and volumepressure loading of the ventricles.

Atrial, ventricular, ventriculo-atrial shunts: There is almost always an atrial defect called ostium primum with a defective septum primum and a left-to-right shunt. In addition, one third of patients with primum ASD have a small right-to-left shunt, even in those with separate right and left atrioventricular valve orifices. When the atrial septum is shifted to the left relative to the common atrioventricular junction, systemic venous blood can be diverted to the left ventricle and thus to the aorta. In individuals with a common atrium, where the atrial septum is virtually absent, the systemic and pulmonary venous returns interfere with each other. Especially in patients with atrial isomerism, the mixing is increased when abnormal venous return is present.

If the AVSD has a ventricular component that does not restrict passage (wide VSD), the direction of flow of the ventricular shunt will change depending on the resistance at the outflow of the two ventricles. The direction of the shunt will be left to right if there is subaortic stenosis or coarctation of the aorta, and right to left if there is right ventricular outflow tract stenosis or pulmonary vascular disease. If none of these are present, the shunt will be left to right as in a simple VSD.

Regardless of valve morphology, ventriculo-atrial shunting occurs in more than half of all AVSDs. In AVSD with a common valve, the regurgitant volume creates a ventriculo-atrial shunt during systole as a result of the failure of the leaflets bridging the ventricle to meet. However, this shunt is significant in one fifth of patients. It usually appears on Doppler from the left ventricle to the right atrium. Right ventricular to left atrial shunt is rare, and if it occurs, it is associated with arterial desaturation.

Volume loading: Whereas left-to-right shunting at the atrial level is relatively dependent on the compliance of the patient's ventricles and often leads to right ventricular volume overload, ventricular shunting depends on the resistance of the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds and often leads to left ventricular volume overload. In cases with a common atrioventricular valve, both ventricles are subjected to volume overload (complete AVSDs). Left ventricular volume overload predominates in patients with restrictive atrial defects (small ASDs), whereas right ventricular volume overload predominates in patients with restricted shunt passage in the left ventricular inlet (transitional and partial AVSDs). Valvular regurgitation is frequent in these cases, whether there is a common orifice or two divided orifices. Regurgitation is more common in cases with two orifices. Left-sided regurgitation is more clinically important because it involves the systemic ventricle. When regurgitation is present, this increases the existing volume load. In cases with a leak in a common atrioventricular valve, this creates a hemodynamic effect as if there is a shunt between the left ventricle and the right atrium. To summarize, in cases with a common valve, there is an excessive left to right shunt through both valve insufficiency and septal defects.

Pressure overload: Pulmonary hypertension and elevated right ventricular pressure are major problems. Right ventricular pressure is most commonly elevated as a result of the unobstructed ventricular component of an AVSD (unrestricted VSD). However, right ventricular hypertension may also be elevated as a consequence of pulmonary hypertension resulting from increased left atrial pressure. This may also be due to malalignment (displacement) of the atrial septum relative to the ventricular septum. Stenosis or insufficiency of the atrioventricular valve, especially left ventricular-right atrial shunt, may have an effect on pulmonary hypertension. In these cases, pulmonary hypertension develops more rapidly than in cases with isolated VSD.

In patients with normally developing ventricles and atria, AVSDs are divided into 4 types: complete, intermedial, transitional and partial (also called primum ASD) according to the division of the atrioventricular leaflets and the level of shunts. Depending on the type, the clinical presentation and therefore the timing of the operation varies. In AVSD with a separate orifice, if the VSD portion is less than 4 mm, it has classical ASD physiology and is called transitional AVSD. In AVSD with a separate orifice, if the VSD portion is larger than 4 mm, it has the physiology of a classic VSD and is called intermedial AVSD. Complete and intermedial types should be operated within 6 months, transitional and partial AVSDs within 2-5 years. If ventricular development is not balanced, univentricular approaches are used.

Extubation of Down syndrome infants with especially complete AVSD is problematic in the intensive care unit. A high rate of pulmonary hypertensive crisis may be observed. Preparation of these babies may be necessary beforehand. Postoperative left atrial pressure greater than 6 mmHg higher than right atrial pressure (central venous pressure) may indicate significant left atrioventricular valve insufficiency or stenosis. Severe left atrioventricular valve insufficiency is associated with increased oneyear mortality.

Prof. Dr. Cemal Levent BİRİNCİOĞLU
Editor
University of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Ankara, Türkiye

References
1. Gerbode F, Hultgren H, Melrose D, Osborn J. Syndrome of left ventricular-right atrial shunt; successful surgical repair of defect in five cases, with observation of bradycardia on closure. Ann Surg. 1958;148(3):433-46. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195809000-00012.
2. Becker AE, Anderson RH. Atrioventricular septal defects: What's in a name? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982;83(3):461- 9.
3. Rowe RD, Uchida I. Cardiac malformation in mongolism: a prospective study of 184 mongoloid children. Am J Med. 1961;31:726-35. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(61)90157-7.
4. Cousineau AJ, Lauer RM, Pierpont ME, Burns TL, Ardinger RH, Patil SR, et al. Linkage analysis of autosomal dominant atrioventricular canal defects: exclusion of chromosome 21. Hum Genet. 1994;93(2):103-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00210591.
5. Emanuel R, Somerville J, Inns A, Withers R. Evidence of congenital heart disease in the offspring of parents with atrioventricular defects. Br Heart J. 1983;49(2):144-7. doi: 10.1136/hrt.49.2.144.
6. de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko BG. Estimates of the live births, natural losses, and elective terminations with Down syndrome in the United States. Am J Med Genet A. 2015;167A(4):756-67.

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4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com