Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Nursing and Midwifery Students' Patient Safety Knowledge and Competencies in the Classroom and Clinical Settings and its Predictors: A Cross-Sectional Study
Hemşirelik ve Ebelik Öğrencilerinin Sınıf ve Klinik Ortamlarda Hasta Güvenliği Bilgi ve Yeterlilikleri ile Yordayıcıları: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma
Gülcan TAŞKIRAN ESKİCİa, Yasemin SÖKMENb
aDepartment of Nursing Management, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Health Sciences, Samsun, Türkiye
bDepartment of Midwifery, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Health Sciences, Samsun, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2023;15(1):162-71
doi: 10.5336/nurses.2022-90788
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: To investigate nursing and midwifery students' patient safety knowledge and competencies in the classroom and clinical settings and its predictors. Material and Methods: The data of this cross-sectional study were collected from 318 nursing and midwifery students studying at the health sciences faculty of a state university between November and December 2021, using a descriptive information form and the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey. Number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values were calculated in the data analysis, and independent-samples t test, one-way ANOVA, and regression analysis were used. Results: Nursing students' mean scores of the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey were 3.88±0.50 in the classroom, 3.78±0.52 in the clinic and 4.05±0.48, 3.98±0.49 in midwifery students, respectively. Midwifery students' classroom and clinic mean scores were statistically higher than nursing students' mean scores (p=0.002; p=0.001). Moreover, there were statistically significant differences between nursing and midwifery students' mean scores in the 2 dimensions and all sub-dimensions except for the 'Culture of safety' sub-dimension (p≤0.05). Finally, it was determined that the variables of students' age, grade, department and patient safety competency level affected students' patient safety knowledge and competencies. Conclusion: Nursing and midwifery students' perception of patient safety knowledge and competencies were found to be above average. In addition, nursing and midwifery students' perceptions of patient safety knowledge were higher than their perceptions of patient safety competencies.

Keywords: Patient safety; knowledge; competence; nursing students; midwifery students
ÖZET
 Amaç: Hemşirelik ve ebelik öğrencilerinin sınıf ve klinik ortamlarda hasta güvenliği bilgi ve yeterliliklerini ve yordayan faktörleri belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu kesitsel araştırmanın verileri, Kasım-Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında bir devlet üniversitesinin sağlık bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören 318 hemşirelik ve ebelik öğrencisinden Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu ve Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Eğitiminde Hasta Güvenliği Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde sayı, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma, minimum ve maksimum değerler hesaplanmış olup; bağımsız gruplarda t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Eğitiminde Hasta Güvenliği Ölçeği puan ortalaması sınıf ortamı boyutunda 3,88±0,50, klinik ortam boyutunda 3,78±0,52 olup, ebelik öğrencilerinin ise sırasıyla 4,05±0,48 ve 3,98±0,49'du. Ebelik öğrencilerinin sınıf ortamı ve klinik ortam puan ortalamaları, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin puan ortalamalarına göre istatistiksel olarak daha yüksek bulundu (p=0,002; p=0,001). Dahası, sınıf ortamının tüm alt boyutlarında ve klinik ortamda 'güvenlik kültürü' alt boyutu hariç diğer alt boyutlarda hemşirelik ve ebelik öğrencilerinin puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar belirlendi (p≤0,05). Son olarak öğrencilerin yaş, akademik not ortalaması, öğrenim görülen bölüm ve hasta güvenliği yeterlilik düzeyi değişkenlerinin öğrencilerin hasta güvenliği bilgi ve yeterliliğini etkilediği saptandı. Sonuç: Hemşirelik ve ebelik öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği bilgi ve yeterlilik algısının ortalamanın üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca hemşirelik ve ebelik öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği bilgisi algılarının, hasta güvenliği yeterliliği algılarından daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hasta güvenliği; bilgi; yeterlilik; hemşirelik öğrencileri; ebelik öğrencileri
REFERENCES:
  1. World Health Organization [Internet]. © 2021 WHO. [Cited: December 25, 2021]. Patient safety incident reporting and learning systems: technical report and guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CCBY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available from: [Link] 
  2. Korkmaz AÇ. Geçmişten günümüze hasta güvenliği [Patient safety from past to present day]. Journal of Inonu University Health Services Vocational School. 2018;6(1):10-9. [Link] 
  3. Çavmak Ş, Çavmak D. Türkiye'de sağlık hizmetlerinin tarihsel gelişimi ve sağlıkta dönüşüm programı [Historical development of health services in Turkey and health transformation program]. Sağlık Yönetimi Dergisi. 2017;1(1):48-57. [Link] 
  4. World Health Organization. Patient Safety: Making Health Care Safer. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. [Cited: December 25, 2021]. Available from: [Link] 
  5. World Health Organization. Patient Safety Fact File. Patient safety and risk management service delivery and safety. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. [Cited: December 20, 2021]. Available from: [Link] 
  6. Demir R, Kızılca Çakaloz D, Taşpınar A, Çoban A. Ebelik öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği konusundaki düşünceleri ve tıbbi hata yapma eğilimleri [Midwifery students' thoughts on patient safety and medical failure tendencies]. MCBUSBED. 2020;7(2):148-56. [Crossref] 
  7. Özdemir Ü, Taşçı S, Tekinsoy Kartın P, Karadağ S, Ceyhan Ö, Doğan N. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği konusundaki bilgi düzeyleri [Knowledge level of nursing students about patient safety]. Journal of Health Sciences. 2019;28(2):81-6. [Crossref] 
  8. Lee SE, Morse BL, Kim NW. Patient safety educational interventions: a systematic review with recommendations for nurse educators. Nurs Open. 2022;9(4):1967-79. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Gaupp R, Dinius J, Drazic I, Körner M. Long-term effects of an e-learning course on patient safety: A controlled longitudinal study with medical students. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210947. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  10. World Health Organization. WHO patient safety curriculum guide for medical schools. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. [Cited: September 20, 2022]. Available from: [Link] 
  11. Taskiran G, Eskin Bacaksiz F, Harmanci Seren AK. Psychometric testing of the Turkish version of the health professional education in patient safety survey: H-PEPSSTR. Nurse Educ Pract. 2020;42:102640. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Toygar İ, Hançerlioğlu S, Gacaner S. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği konusunda bilgi ve yeterlilikleri [Nursing students' knowledge and competence about patient safety]. Journal of Inonu University Health Services Vocational School. 2020;3:618-29. [Crossref] 
  13. Şahin E, Yeşilçınar İ, Geriş R, Çukurlu GN. Ebelik öğrencilerinin tıbbi hatalar ve hasta güvenliğine yönelik tutumlarının belirlenmesi [The identification of midwifery students' attitudes towards medical errors and patient safety]. NWSALS. 2020;15(3):9-18. [Crossref] 
  14. Huang FF, Shen XY, Chen XL, He LP, Huang SF, Li JX. Self-reported confidence in patient safety competencies among Chinese nursing students: a multi-site cross-sectional survey. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20 (1):32. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  15. Martijn LL, Jacobs AJ, Maassen II, Buitendijk SS, Wensing MM. Patient safety in midwifery-led care in the Netherlands. Midwifery. 2013;29(1):60-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Dimitriadou M, Merkouris A, Charalambous A, Lemonidou C, Papastavrou E. The knowledge about patient safety among undergraduate nurse students in Cyprus and Greece: a comparative study. BMC Nurs. 2021;20(1):110. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  17. Tella S, Smith NJ, Partanen P, Turunen H. Learning patient safety in academic settings: a comparative study of finnish and british nursing students' perceptions. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2015;12(3):154-64. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Ginsburg LR, Tregunno D, Norton PG. Self-reported patient safety competence among new graduates in medicine, nursing and pharmacy. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22(2):147-54. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  19. Lee NJ, Jang H, Park SY. Patient safety education and baccalaureate nursing students' patient safety competency: a cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci. 2016;18(2):163-71. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Mansour MJ, Al Shadafan SF, Abu-Sneineh FT, AlAmer MM. Integrating patient safety education in the undergraduate nursing curriculum: a discussion paper. Open Nurs J. 2018;12:125-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  21. Sümen A, Ünal A, Aksoy S. Nursing students' self-reported experiences and attitudes regarding patient safety: a cross-sectional study comparing the classroom and clinical settings. Collegian. 2022;29(3):320-7. [Crossref] 
  22. Hwang JI, Yoon TY, Jin HJ, Park Y, Park JY, Lee BJ. Patient safety competence for final-year health professional students: Perceptions of effectiveness of an interprofessional education course. J Interprof Care. 2016;30(6):732-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Alquwez N, Cruz JP, Alshammari F, Felemban EM, Almazan JU, Tumala RB, et al. A multi-university assessment of patient safety competence during clinical training among baccalaureate nursing students: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(9-10):1771-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Raymond JM, Medves JM, Godfrey CM. Baccalaureate nursing students' confidence on patient safety. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice. 2017;7(6):56-64. [Crossref] 
  25. Usher K, Woods C, Parmenter G, Hutchinson M, Mannix J, Power T, et al. Self-reported confidence in patient safety knowledge among Australian undergraduate nursing students: a multi-site cross-sectional survey study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017;71:89-96. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  26. Stomski N, Gluyas H, Andrus P, Williams A, Hopkins M, Walters J, et al. The influence of situation awareness training on nurses' confidence about patient safety skills: a prospective cohort study. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;63:24-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Levett-Jones T, Andersen P, Bogossian F, Cooper S, Guinea S, Hopmans R, et al. A cross-sectional survey of nursing students' patient safety knowledge. Nurse Educ Today. 2020;88:104372. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  28. Svitlica BB, ?ajnović M, Simin D, Ivetić J, Milutinović D. Patient safety: Knowledge and attitudes of medical and nursing students: cross-sectional study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2021;53:103089. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Jamal N, Bowe SN, Brenner MJ, Balakrishnan K, Bent JP. Impact of a formal patient safety and quality improvement curriculum: a prospective, controlled trial. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(5):1100-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com