Vücudun en büyük iç organı ve bezi olan karaciğer metabolik, endokrin ve ekzokrin olmak üzere oldukça önemli işlevlere sahiptir. Karbonhidrat, protein ve yağ metabolizmasını düzenlemekte, endokrin olarak albumin, globulinler, lipoproteinler, protrombin ve fibrinojen gibi proteinleri, ekzokrin olarak safra salgılamaktadır. Karaciğerin embriyonik gelişimi trilaminar germ diski oluşumunu takiben üçüncü haftanın ortası ve dördüncü haftanın başında ön bağırsağın kaudal parçasındaki hepatik divertikülden gerçekleşmektedir. Hepatik divertikülden gelişen karaciğer tomurcuğu hepatoblastları içermektedir. Hepatoblastlar hem karaciğerin parankimini oluşturan hepatositlere hem de safra kanalikülünü döşeyen safra epitelyal hücreleri olan kolanjiyositlere farklılaşma özelliğindedirler. Karaciğer parankimini oluşturan hepatositlerin arasında yer alan sinüzoidler anjiyogenez ile oluşmaktadır. Sinüzoid duvarında yer alan karaciğer makrofajları, Kupffer hücreleri mezenşimden köken almaktadır. Tüm bu gelişim aşamalarında çeşitli transkripsiyon faktörleri, proteinler, genler ve sinyal yolakları birliktelik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, moleküler yönleriyle ilişkili olarak karaciğerin embriyonik gelişimi detaylı olarak sunulmaktadır. Karaciğerin embriyonik gelişim sürecinin moleküler mekanizmasının net bir şekilde anlaşılmasının ve elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda multidisipliner uygulamaların bir arada kullanımının karaciğer hastalıklarının tedavisinde umut verici sonuçlar oluşturabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Karaciğer; embriyonik gelişim
The liver is the largest internal organ and gland in the body which has very important functions including metabolic, endocrine and exocrine. It has also function carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism as metabolically, endocrine albumin synthesis, globulins, lipoproteins prothrombin, proteins such as fibrinogen is given to the blood as well as bile exocrine function. The embryonic development of the liver occurs from the hepatic diverticulum in the caudal part of the foregut at the beginning of the third week and the 4th week following the formation of the trilaminar germ disc. Liver bud which developed from hepatic diverticulum contains hepatoblasts. Hepatoblasts are differentiated both to hepatocytes that form the parenchyma of the liver and to biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) laying the bile canaliculus. Sinusoids, which are located among the hepatocytes that form the liver parenchyma, are also formed by angiogenesis. Kupffer cells, which are liver macrophages located in the perisinusoidal space called the disse range of liver tissue originate from the mesenchyme. Various transcription factors, proteins, genes and signaling pathways are associated in all these stages of development. In this review, liver development with molecular aspects is also presented in detail. It is though that a clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the embryonic development of the liver and in combination with multidisciplinary applications may provide promising results in the treatment of liver disease.
Keywords: Liver; embryonic development
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