Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

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Modern Tıp Savaş Yasalarının İlk Uygulama Örnekleri: 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı
Example of the First Practices of Modern Medical Laws of War: 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War
Eray Serdar YURDAKULa
aSağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gülhane, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik ABD, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2021;29(1):24-37
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2020-77761
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Cenevre Sözleşmeleri, 1864 ve 1949 yılları arasında savaşın etkisini azaltmak için İsviçre-Cenevre'de uluslararası alanda imzalanan bir dizi sözleşmelerdir. Bu tarihsel metin, silahlı çatışma hukuku ile ilgili birçok önemli düzenleme içermektedir. Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ayrıca günümüz tıbbi savaş yasalarının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Savaş alanında milliyet gözetmeksizin yaralılara müdahale edilmesi için ilk olarak 12 devlet tarafından I. Cenevre Sözleşmesi imzalanmıştır. Türk tarihinde, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 1864'teki ilk sözleşmeden 1 yıldan az bir süre sonra Cenevre'de yapılan çağrıyı takiben 5 Temmuz 1865'de bu sözleşmeyi imzalamıştır. Rus İmparatorluğu ise sözleşmeyi 1867 yılında imzalamıştır. 1877-1878 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Rus İmparatorluğu arasındaki savaş, tarihin ilk Cenevre Sözleşmesine çok yakın bir zamanda gerçekleşen en büyük çatışmalardan biridir. Bu savaşın Cenevre Sözleşmelerini yakın tarihte imzalayan 2 devlet arasında olması, medikal savaş yasaları ve tıp tarihi açısından önem arz etmektedir. 1877 yılına ait bazı askerî arşiv belgelerinin paylaşılacağı bu çalışmada Cenevre Sözleşmelerinin, medikal savaş yasaları incelenecek ve 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nda Cenevre protokolleri hükümlerinin uygulanmasına dair aykırı durumların belgelendiği savaşa ait tarihi vesikalardan bazı yazışmalar sunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: 93 Harbi; 1877-1878 Osmanlı Rus Savaşı; Cenevre Sözleşmeleri; askerî tıp; insancıl hukuk; savaş yasaları; Kızılay
ABSTRACT
 Geneva Conventions, a series of international treaties concluded in Geneva between 1864 and 1949 to reduce the impact of the war. This historical text contains many important arrangements about law of armed conflict. Geneva Conventions also form the basis of the today's medical laws of war. The First Geneva Convention, for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in the combat field, has been signed by 12 states. In the history of Turks, The Ottoman Empire signed the contract in July 5 of 1865 after following call made in Geneva in less than a year from the first convention in 1864. Also, the Russian Empire was one of the parties to the 1864 Geneva Convention which signed the protocol in1867. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877- 1878 was a one of the biggest conflicts in the history between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire which took place so closely to First Geneva Convention. According to this historical closeness of this war and being between two states which signed Geneva it is important in terms of medical laws of war. In this study, in which some military archive documents belonging to the year 1877 will be shared, the medical war laws of the Geneva Conventions will be examined and the historical documents showing the violations of the provisions of the Geneva protocols will be presented with some correspondence from the Ottoman-Russian War, 1877-1878.

Keywords: 1293 War; Russo Turkish War of 1877-1878; Geneva Conventions; military medicine; humanitarian law; law of armed conflict; Turkish red crescent
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