Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

.: REVIEW
Kadın Bedeninin Denetiminin Biyopolitika ve Biyoetik Açıdan İncelenmesi: Geleneksel Derleme
Biopolitical and Bioethical Analysis of the Control of Female Body: Traditional Review
Oya ÖZSAVAŞa, Berna ARDAb
aAnkara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kadın Çalışmaları ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
bAnkara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2022;30(2):178-88
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2021-85691
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Bu çalışma geleneksel bir derleme olup, çalışmada; biyoetik, biyopolitika ve biyoiktidar kavramları arasındaki ilişki ilgili literatür bilgisinden yararlanılarak incelenmiş ve tartışılmıştır. Biyoetik ve biyopolitika kavramlarının kesiştiği, uğrak olarak kadın bedeni üzerinde uygulanan politikalara değinilmeye çalışılmış, bu politikalara değinilmeden önce biyoetik ve Foucault bağlamında biyopolitika ile biyoiktidar kavramları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bedenin toplumsal ve tarihsel gerçeklik olarak salt biyolojik kategori olmaktan çıkarak ele alınmaya başlanması, toplumsal kategorilerin bedeni dönüştürme imkânına da işaret etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bedeni etkileyen ilişkileri tarihsel açıdan ele alması nedeniyle Foucault'un beden ile ilgili çalışmaları önem taşımaktadır. Günümüzdeki bedenin tarihselliğini kavramak konusunda bize önerilen 2 izlek: Biyopolitika ve tıptır. Biyopolitika, beden ve nüfusu hem dolaylı hem de doğrudan etkileyen ögelere tesir ederek biyolojik yaşamı dönüştürmeyi ifade etmektedir. Çalışmada, tıp ise biyopolitik bir strateji olarak ele alınmakta, bu alandaki bilgi ve pratiklerin toplumsal bedenin inşasındaki rolünün ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmaktadır. Tıp alanındaki uygulamalar ve canlı organizma üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda ortaya çıkan değer sorunlarının konu edildiği, tartışıldığı, araştırıldığı disiplinler arası bir alan olarak karşımıza çıkan biyoetik, incelediği konular özelinde biyopolitika ile kesişim göstermektedir. Canlılığın düzenlenmesi ve bedenlenmiş öznenin tanımının yeniden inşasında, tıbbi bilgiler ve tıbbi uygulamalar önemli kaynaklardır. Kadın bedeni, özellikle iktidarın denetim mekanizmalarını uyguladığı alanların başında gelmektedir. Bu çerçevede, kadının üreme kapasitesi üzerindeki kontrol, üreme politikaları ile yürütülmektedir. Tam da burada biyopolitika bağlamında biyoiktidar kavramının işlerliği ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kadın bedeni; tıp; biyoetik; biyopolitika; biyoiktidar
ABSTRACT
 This study is a traditional review which analyzes and discusses the relationship between bioethics, biopolitics, and biopower bymeans of the related literature. It is tried to address the polices applied on the female body as the intersection of the concepts of bioethics and biopolitics. Before these policies are mentioned, the concepts of biopolitics and biopower are tried to be explained in the context of bioethics and Foucault. Beginning to deal with the body as a social and historical reality, not a purely biological category, points out the possibility of social categories transforming the body. In this context, Foucault's studies on the body are important since he approaches relationships those affect the body from a historical perspective. Two path suggested to us to understand the historicity of the body today are: biopolitics and medicine. Biopolitics refers to transforming biological life by affecting the body and population both indirectly and directly. While medicine is considered as a biopolitical strategy, it is aimed to reveal the role of knowledge and practices for the social construction of the body. Bioethics, which emerges as an interdisciplinary field in which value problems arising in studies in the field of medicine and studies on living organisms are discussed, intersects with biopolitics in particular. Medical knowledge and medical practices are important resources in the organization of life and the reconstruction of the definition of the embodied subject. The female body is in the lead of the areas where the government applies control mechanisms. In this framework, the control over the fertility rate of women is carried out through policies those affect reproductive capacity of women. It is here that the operability of the concept of biopower emerges in the context of biopolitics.

Keywords: Female body; medicine; bioethics; biopolitics; biopower
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