Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
İşitme Kayıplı Bireylerin Sosyal ve Emosyonel Yönden Değerlendirilmesi: Kesitsel Araştırma
Evaluation of Individuals with Hearing Loss in Terms of Social and Emotional Aspects: Cross-Sectional Research
Halil Berkay SALDIRIMa, Yuşa BAŞOĞLUa, Elif Cansel KUŞa, Mustafa Bülent ŞERBETÇİOĞLUa
aİstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Odyoloji Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2022;7(2):500-7
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2021-85938
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmada; işitme cihazı (İC), koklear implant (Kİ) kullanıcısı olan ve İC/Kİ endikasyonu olup, İC/Kİ kullanıcısı olmayan işitme kayıplı erişkinlere işitme kaybının yol açtığı sosyal ve emosyonel etkileniminin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Saf ses odyometri testi sonucuna göre orta, orta-ileri, ileri ve çok ileri derecede sensörinöral tip işitme kaybı tanısı almış 18-65 yaş aralığında 60 İC kullanıcısı (Grup I), 60 Kİ kullanıcısı (Grup II) olan ve orta, orta-ileri, ileri derecede işitme kayıplı olup İC/Kİ kullanıcısı olmayan (Grup III) 60 kişiye 'Yetişkinler İçin İşitme Engeli Ölçeği (İEÖ-E)' uygulandı. Ölçeğin emosyonel ve sosyal alt başlıklarından elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizi için SPSS versiyon 25.0 (SPSS inc., Chicago, IL, ABD) programından Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U ve Pearson korelasyon analiz test yöntemlerine başvuruldu. Bulgular: Ölçeğin, sosyal ve emosyonel Cronbach katsayısı sırasıyla α=0,88 ve α=0,92 olarak elde edilirken, genel Cronbach katsayısı α=0,95 olarak bulundu. Hem Grup I hem de Grup II, Grup İEÖ-E puanları Grup III'e göre düşük bulundu (p=0,000). Grup I ve Grup II kullanıcıları birbirleriyle karşılaştırıldığında, İEÖ-E sosyal etkilenim puanlarında anlamlı fark elde edilirken (p=0,032), emosyonel etkilenim ve toplam puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark elde edilemedi (p=0,105). Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, İC/Kİ işitme kaybı endikasyonu olmasına rağmen herhangi bir işitme protezi İC/Kİ kullanmayan bireylerin İC/Kİ kullanan bireylere nazaran sosyal ve emosyonel yönden daha iyi oldukları ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca işitme kayıplı bireylerin gereksinimine göre cihazlandırılmasının (İC ve/veya Kİ) yaşam kalitesini iyileştirebileceğini göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İşitme kaybı; işitme cihazı; koklear implant; yaşam kalitesi
ABSTRACT
 Objective: Aim of this study was to evaluate the social and emotional effects of hearing aid (HA), cochlear implant (CI) users and adults with HA/CI indications without amplification HA/CI. Material and Methods: The inventory was applied to individuals aged 18-65 years who were diagnosed with moderate, moderate-to-profound, severe and very severe sensorineural hearing loss via pure tone audiometry. There were 60 participants with HA (Group I), 60 participants with CI (Group II) and 60 participants with diagnosed with moderate, moderate-to-severe, severe hearing loss but without amplification (HA/CI) (Group III). Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation tests were used. Results: Cronbach's coefficients of the social and emotional scale were found as α=0.88 and α=0.92, respectively. The overall Cronbach's coefficient was found as α=0.95. The HHIA scores of Group I and Group II were found to be lower than Group III (p=0.000). There was a significant difference in the scores of group I and group II in terms of HHIA social subscale (p=0.032). Hovewer, there was no statistically significant difference between the HHIA general scores compared to the HA group and the CI group (p=0.105). Conclusion: It has been revealed that HA and CI users are socially and emotionally better than participants who do not use any hearing aid, even though they have HA/CI indications. Furthermore, our study has shown that providing hearing aids according to the needs of individuals with hearing loss (HA and/or CI) can improve their quality of life.

Keywords: Hearing loss; hearing aid; cochlear implant; life quality
REFERENCES:
  1. Kochins S. Hearing aids positively improve your quality of lifend. In: Carmen RE, ed. The Consumer Handbook on Hearing Loss & Hearing AIDS: A Bridge to Healing. 2nd ed. Sedona, Ariz.: Auricle Ink Publishers; 2004. p.62-76.
  2. Saatci Ö, Polat B, Çakır N. İşitme kaybı ve stigma [Hearing loss and stigma]. KBB Uygulamaları. 2017;5(2):63-9. [Crossref] 
  3. Doğan M, Nemli N, Yüksel M, Bayramoğlu İ, Kemaloğlu YK. İşitme kaybının yaşam kalitesine etkisini inceleyen anket çalışmalarına ait bir derleme [A review on surveys investigating effect of hearing loss on quality of life]. KBB ve BBC Dergisi. 2016;24(1):33-42. [Link] 
  4. World Health Organization [Internet]. © 2021 WHO [Cited: July 28, 2021]. Deafness and hearing loss. Available from: [Link] 
  5. Yıldız Z, Yıldız S, Bozyer S. İşitme engelli turizmi (sessiz turizm): Dünya ve Türkiye potansiyeline yönelik bir değerlendirme [Hearing impaired tourism (silent tourism): an evaluation of the potential in Turkey and the world]. Suleyman Demirel University Visionary Journal. 2018;9(20):103-17. [Crossref] 
  6. Demorest ME, Walden BE. Psychometric principles in the selection, interpretation, and evaluation of communication self-assessment inventories. J Speech Hear Disord. 1984;49(3):226-40. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü Başkanlığı. Türkiye Özürlüler Araştırması 2002. Erişim tarihi: 3 Ekim 2021. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  8. Williamson RA, Pytynia K, Oghalai JS, Vrabec JT. Auditory performance after cochlear implantation in late septuagenarians and octogenarians. Otol Neurotol. 2009;30(7):916-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Lenarz M, Sönmez H, Joseph G, Büchner A, Lenarz T. Long-term performance of cochlear implants in postlingually deafened adults. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;147(1):112-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Cochlear Implant Centrum [İnternet]. © 2021 CIC Berlin-Brandenburg [Erişim tarihi: 25 Ağustos 2021]. Koklear implant hakkında. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  11. Taylor KS. Self-perceived and audiometric evaluations of hearing aid benefit in the elderly. Ear Hear. 1993;14(6):390-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Abrams HB, Hnath-Chisolm T, Guerreiro SM, Ritterman SI. The effects of intervention strategy on self-perception of hearing handicap. Ear Hear. 1992;13(5):371-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. Sousa AF, Couto MIV, Martinho-Carvalho AC. Quality of life and cochlear implant: results in adults with postlingual hearing loss. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;84(4):494-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Cox RM. Evidence-based practice in provision of amplification. J Am Acad Audiol. 2005;16(7):419-38. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Mueller HG. Fitting hearing aids to adults using prescriptive methods: an evidence-based review of effectiveness. J Am Acad Audiol. 2005;16(7):448-60. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Cox RM, Alexander GC. Measuring satisfaction with amplification in daily life: the SADL scale. Ear Hear. 1999;20(4):306-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Cox RM, Alexander GC. The abbreviated profile of hearing aid benefit. Ear Hear. 1995;16(2):176-86. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Newman CW, Weinstein BE. The hearing handicap inventory for the elderly as a measure of hearing aid benefit. Ear Hear. 1988;9(2):81-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Aksoy S, Aslan F, Köse A. İşitme Engeli Ölçeği-Erişkin: uzun ve tarama formlarının Türkçe sürümünün geçerliğinin ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesi [Hearing Impairment Scale-Adult: investigating the long and the screening forms the validity and reliability of the Turkish version]. KBB-Forum. 2020;19(2):169-81. [Link] 
  20. Aktan S. Yetişkinler İçin İşitme Engeli Ölçeği'nin Türkçeye uyarlanması [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara: Başkent Üniversitesi; 2017. Erişim tarihi: 18 Nisan 2021. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  21. Monzani D, Genovese E, Palma S, Rovatti V, Borgonzoni M, Martini A. Measuring the psychosocial consequences of hearing loss in a working adult population: focus on validity and reliability of the Italian translation of the hearing handicap inventory. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2007;27(4):186-91. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  22. Newman CW, Weinstein BE, Jacobson GP, Hug GA. The Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults: psychometric adequacy and audiometric correlates. Ear Hear. 1990;11(6):430-3. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Cortina JM. What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1993;78(1):98-104. [Crossref] 
  24. Bongiovani R. Principles of posfitting rehabilitation. In: Sandlin RE, ed. Textbook of Hearing Aid Amplification: Technical and Clinical Considerations. 2nd ed. San Diego, California: Singular Publishing Group; 2000. p.439-66.
  25. Baumfield A, Dillon H. Factors affecting the use and perceived benefit of ITE and BTE hearing aids. Br J Audiol. 2001;35(4):247-58. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  26. Stephens D. The International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA) and its relationship to the Client-oriented Scale of Improvement (COSI). Int J Audiol. 2002;41(1):42-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Contrera KJ, Betz J, Li L, Blake CR, Sung YK, Choi JS, et al. Quality of life after intervention with a cochlear implant or hearing aid. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(9):2110-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  28. Bosdriesz JR, Stam M, Smits C, Kramer SE. Psychosocial health of cochlear implant users compared to that of adults with and without hearing aids: results of a nationwide cohort study. Clin Otolaryngol. 2018;43(3):828-34. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Chia EM, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Cumming RR, Newall P, Mitchell P. Hearing impairment and health-related quality of life: the Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Ear Hear. 2007;28(2):187-95. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Mondelli MF, Souza PJ. Quality of life in elderly adults before and after hearing aid fitting. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;78(3):49-56. English, Portuguese. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  31. Maeda Y, Sugaya A, Nagayasu R, Nakagawa A, Nishizaki K. Subjective hearing-related quality-of-life is a major factor in the decision to continue using hearing aids among older persons. Acta Otolaryngol. 2016;136(9):919-22. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  32. Choi JS, Betz J, Li L, Blake CR, Sung YK, Contrera KJ, et al. Association of using hearing aids or cochlear implants with changes in depressive symptoms in older adults. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142(7):652-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  33. Acar B, Yurekli MF, Babademez MA, Karabulut H, Karasen RM. Effects of hearing aids on cognitive functions and depressive signs in elderly people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;52(3):250-2. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  34. Saunders GH, Cienkowski KM. Refinement and psychometric evaluation of the Attitudes Toward Loss of Hearing Questionnaire. Ear Hear. 1996;17(6):505-19. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com