Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatrics

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
İlkokul İki ve Üçüncü Sınıf Öğrencilerinde Denge, Üst Ekstremite Hız ve Becerisi ile Görsel Motor Kontrolün Yazı Yazma ile İlişkisinin İncelenmesi
Investigation of Balance, Upper Extremity Speed and Skills and Visual Motor Control Relation to Handwriting Skills in Primary School Children
Gonca BUMİNa, Büşra GÜNEŞLİCEa, Gökçen AKYÜREKa
aErgoterapi Bölümü, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr. 2019;28(1):1-6
doi: 10.5336/pediatr.2018-63054
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Yazı yazmayı etkileyen bilişsel ve fiziksel faktörlerin anlaşılması engelli çocukların tedavilerinde önem arz etmektedir ve literatürde araştırmalar bu yönde ilerletilmiştir. Ancak, yazı yazmayı etkilediği öngörülen bu faktörlerden denge, üst ekstremite hız ve becerisi ile görsel motor kontrolün tipik gelişim gösteren çocuklarda yazı yazmaya etkisi açık değildir. Çalışmamızın amacı, ilkokul iki ve üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinde denge, üst ekstremite hız ve beceri ile görsel motor kontrolün yazı yazma ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma, Kahramanmaraş Yaşar Gölcü İlköğretim Okulunda 19'u erkek, 31'i kız toplam 50 tipik gelişim gösteren çocuk (yaş ortalamaları 7,87±0,67 yıl; yaş aralığı 7-10 yıl) dâhil edilerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yazı yazma becerisini değerlendirmek için "Minnesota El Yazısı Değerlendirmesi" ve denge, üst ekstremite hız ve beceri ile görsel motor kontrolü değerlendirmek için "Bruininks Oseretsky" motor yeterlilik testinin denge, üst ekstremite hız ve beceri ile görsel motor kontrol parametreleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Denge, üst ekstremite becerilerinin yazı yazmanın süre parametresi ve görsel motor kontrol becerilerinin ise yazı yazmanın tüm parametreleri ile ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. İlkokul iki ve üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinde denge, üst ekstremite hız ve beceri ile görsel motor kontrol ve yazı yazma becerileri için sınıf ve cinsiyete göre bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Sonuç: İlkokul iki ve üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinde yazı yazma probleminin denge, üst ekstremite hız ve beceri yazının süresi ile ilişkili iken; görsel motor kontrolün yazı yazmanın tüm parametreleri ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Postural denge; görsel algı; el yazısı
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The evidence suggests that the cognitive and physical factors associated handwriting is important in the treatment of children with disabilities. However, the relationship between the handwriting and the upper extremity and visual motor control predicted to be related to handwriting in typical developed children are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between of balance, upper extremity speed and skills and visual motor control relation in handwriting in the 2nd and 3rd grade students. Material and Methods: This study was applied in Kahramanmaraş Yaşar Gölcü Elementary School. A total of 50 children (average age 7.87±0.67 years; between 7-10 years old), 19 male and 31 female, were included in this study. Minnesota Handwriting Assessment for evaluate handwriting skill and Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Tests's balance, upper extremity speed and skills and visual motor control part for evaluate balance, upper extremity and visual perceptual skills were used. Results: Balance, upper extremity skills were found to be associated with time of hand writing skills and visual motor skills were found to be associated with all parameters of handwriting skills. There was no difference between the students in terms of balance, upper extremity speed and skill, and visual motor control and handwriting skills according to class and gender. Conclusion: While the balance, upper limb velocity and skill were related to the duration of handwriting, visual motor control was determined related to all parameters of handwriting in the 2nd and 3rd grade students of primary school.

Keywords: Postural balance; visual perception; hand writing
REFERENCES:
  1. Engel-Yeger B, Nagauker-Yanuv L, Rosenblum S. Handwriting performance, self-reports, and perceived self-efficacy among children with dysgraphia. Am J Occup Ther. 2009;63(2):182-92. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Rosenblum S. Handwriting measures as reflectors of executive functions among adults with Developmental Coordination Disorders (DCD). Front Psychol. 2016;4:357.
  3. Rosenblum S, Aloni T, Josman N. Relationships between handwriting performance and organizational abilities among children with and without dysgraphia: a preliminary study. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31(2):502-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. Feder KP, Majnemer A. Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(4):312-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. Levine MD, Oberklaid F, Meltzer L. Developmental output failure: a study of low productivity in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 1981;67(1):18-25. [PubMed]
  6. Oliver CE. A sensorimotor program for improving writing readiness skills in elementary-age children. Am J Occup Ther. 1990;44(2):111-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. Cermak SA. Fine motor functions and handwriting. In: Fisher AG, Murray EA, Bundy AC, eds. Sensory Integration: Theory and Practice. 1st ed. Philadelphia: F.A Davis; 1991. p.166- 70.
  8. Erhardt RP, Meade V. Improving handwriting without teaching handwriting: the consultative clinical reasoning process. Aust Occup Ther J. 2005;52(3):199-210. [Crossref]
  9. Karlsdottir R, Stefansson T. Problems in developing functional handwriting. Percept Mot Skills. 2002;94(2):623-62. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. Feder KP, Majnemer A. Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(4):312-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. Jones D, Christensen CA. Relationship between automaticity in handwriting and students? ability to generate written text. J Educ Psychol. 1999;91(1):44-9. [Crossref]
  12. Connelly V, Hurst G. The influence of handwriting fluency on writing quality in later primary and early secondary education. Handwriting Today. 2001;2:5-57.
  13. Berninger VW, Swanson HL. Modifying Hayes and Flower?s model of skilled writing to explain beginning and developing writing. Adv Cog Educ Prac. 1994;2:57-81.
  14. Abbott RD, Berninger VW, Fayol M. Longitudinal relationships of levels of language in writing and between writing and reading in grades 1 to 7. J Educ Psychol. 2010;102(2): 281-98. [Crossref]
  15. Ayres AJ. The visual-motor function. Am J Occup Ther. 1958;12(3):130-8. [PubMed]
  16. Overvelde A, Hulstijn W. Handwriting development in grade 2 and grade 3 primary school children with normal, at risk, or dysgraphic characteristics. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(2): 540-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. Stievano P, Michetti S, McClintock SM, Levi G, Scalisi TG. Handwriting fluency and visuospatial generativity at primary school. Read Writ. 2016;29(7):1497-510. [Crossref]
  18. Bara F, Gentaz E. Haptics in teaching handwriting: the role of perceptual and visuo-motor skills. Hum Mov Sci. 2011;30(4):745-59. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. Brossard-Racine M, Majnemer A, Shevell M, Snider L, Bélanger SA. Handwriting capacity in children newly diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(6):2927-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. Kim HY. An investigation of the factors affecting handwriting articulation of school aged children with cerebral palsy based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(2):347-50. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  21. Naider-Steinhart S, Katz-Leurer M. Analysis of proximal and distal muscle activity during handwriting tasks. Am J Occup Ther. 2007;61(4):392-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. Bumin G, Kavak ST. An investigation of the factors affecting handwriting skill in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Disabil Reha- bil. 2010;32(8):692-703. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. Bruininks RH. Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. 2nd ed. Circle Pines, MN: AGS Publishing; 2005. p.27-8.
  24. Düger T, Bumin G, Uyanik M, Aki E, Kayihan H. The assessment of Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency in children. Pediatr Rehabil. 1999;3(3):125-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. Bumin G, Kavak ST. [Minnesota Handwriting Test: Turkish version, reliability and validity]. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi. 2006;6(2):29-30.
  26. Tseng MH, Chow SM. Perceptual-motor function of school-age children with slow handwriting speed. Am J Occup Ther. 2000;54(1): 83-8. [Crossref]
  27. Dinehart L, Manfra L. Associations between low-income children?s fine motor skills in preschool and academic performance in second grade. Early Educ Dev. 2013;24(2):138-61. [Crossref]
  28. Marr D, Windsor MM, Cermak S. Handwriting readiness: locatives and visuomotor skills in the kindergarten year. Early Childhood Res Prac. 2001;3(1):1-16.
  29. Schneck CM, Amundson SJ, Case-Smith J, O?Brien JC. Prewriting and handwriting skills. Occup Ther Children. 2010;6:555-80.
  30. Feder KP, Majnemer A. Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(4):312-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. Willows DM, Kruk R, Corcos E. Visual Processes in Reading and Reading Disabilities. 1st ed. New Jersey: Routledge; 2012.p.536. [Crossref]
  32. Uyanık M, Bumin G, Düger T, Kayıhan H. [An investigation of the factors effecting handwrit- ting performance of primary school children]. Turkiye Klinikleri J PM&R. 2001;1(3):161-6.
  33. Cheng-Lai A, Li-Tsang CW, Chan AH, Lo AG. Writing to dictation and handwriting performance among Chinese children with dyslexia: relationships with orthographic knowledge and perceptual-motor skills. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(10):3372-83. [Crossref] [PubMed]

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com