Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: REVIEW
İletişim Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Erken Okuryazarlık Müdahalesi: Geleneksel Bir Derleme
Early Literacy Intervention in Children with Communication Disorders: A Traditional Review
Mert KILIÇa, Ahsen ERİMb
aSağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hamidiye Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Odyoloji Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye
bSağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hamidiye Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Dil ve Konuşma Terapisi Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2022;7(4):1226-34
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2022-89626
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Bu çalışmada dil, konuşma ve işitme alanlarında sorun yaşayan çocukların erken okuryazarlık becerilerinin desteklenmesi için yapılabilecek uygulamalara yönelik güncel bilgilerin sentezlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Geleneksel derleme yöntemi ile tasarlanan bu çalışmada; dil, konuşma ve işitme alanlarında sorun yaşayan çocuklara yönelik erken okuryazarlık müdahalesine ilişkin alanyazın taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda erken okuryazarlık becerilerinin desteklenmesinde okumanın 2 boyutunu (çözümleme ve anlama) da destekleyen etkinliklere ulaşılmıştır. Bu etkinliklerin; fonolojik farkındalık, yazı farkındalığı, harf bilgisi, dinlediğini anlama ve sözel dil becerileri gibi erken okuryazarlığın farklı boyutlarını kapsadığı görülmüştür. Dil ve konuşma bozukluğu olan çocuklara yönelik erken okuryazarlık müdahalesi; ebeveyn ve öğretmen eğitimi, etkileşimli okuma, müdahaleye tepki modeli ve kod temelli müdahale başlıkları altında ele alınmıştır. İşitme kayıplı çocuklara yönelik erken okuryazarlık müdahalesi ise ev erken okuryazarlık ortamının düzenlenmesi, fonolojik farkındalık ve sözel dil müdahalesi başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. İletişim bozukluğu olan çocuklara yönelik erken okuryazarlık müdahalesi, temel olarak tipik gelişim gösteren çocuklara yönelik düzenlenen müdahale ile ortak uygulamaları içermektedir. Bununla birlikte, müdahale içeriğinin doğrudan, tekrarlı ve bireyselleştirilmiş strateji kullanımları ile çeşitli uyarlamalar gerektirdiği görülmektedir. İleri dönem okuma güçlükleri açısından risk altında oldukları belirtilen ve iletişim bozukluğu olan çocuklar, erken okuryazarlık becerileri açısından da değerlendirilmeli ve gerekli durumlarda erken okuryazarlık müdahalesi, terapi seansları içerisine entegre edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Dil ve konuşma bozuklukları; erken okuryazarlık; erken okuryazarlık müdahalesi; iletişim bozuklukları; işitme kaybı
ABSTRACT
 In this study, it is aimed to synthesize up-to-date information about the practices that can be implemented to support the early literacy skills of children who have problems in speech, language and hearing areas. In this study, which was designed with the traditional review method; a literature review was conducted on early literacy intervention for children with speech, language and hearing problems. As a result of the examinations, activities that support both dimensions of reading (decoding and comprehension) have been reached in supporting early literacy skills. It has been seen that these activities cover different dimensions of early literacy such as phonological awareness, print awareness, letter knowledge, listening comprehension and verbal language skills. Early literacy intervention for children with speech and language disorders were examined under the headings of parent and teacher training, interactive reading, response to intervention model and code-based intervention. Early literacy intervention for children with hearing loss was examined under the headings of arrangement of home literacy environment, phonological awareness and verbal language intervention. Early literacy intervention for children with communication disorders basically includes joint practices designed for typically developing children. However, the content of the intervention seems to require various adaptations with the use of direct, repetitive and individualized strategies. Children with communication disorders, who are stated to be at risk for advanced reading difficulties, should also be evaluated in terms of early literacy skills, and early literacy intervention should be integrated into their therapy sessions when necessary.

Keywords: Speech and language disorders; early literacy; early literacy intervention; communication disorders; hearing loss
REFERENCES:
  1. Whitehurst GJ, Lonigan CJ. Child development and emergent literacy. Child Dev. 1998;69(3):848-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  2. Justice LM, Kaderavek JN. Embedded-explicit emergent literacy intervention I: Background and description of approach. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2004;35(3):201-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Justice LM, Pullen PC. Promising interventions for promoting emergent literacy skills: three evidence-based approaches. Topics Early Child Spec Educ. 2003;23(3):99-113. [Crossref] 
  4. Justice LM, Chen J, Tambyraja S, Logan J. Increasing caregivers' adherence to an early-literacy intervention improves the print knowledge of children with language impairment. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(12):4179-92. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Pillinger C, Wood C. Pilot study evaluating the impact of dialogic reading and shared reading at transition to primary school: early literacy skills and parental attitudes. Literacy. 2014;48(3):155-63. [Crossref] 
  6. Ezell HK, Justice LM, Parsons D. Enhancing the emergent literacy skills of pre-schoolers with communication disorders: a pilot investigation. Child Lang Teach Ther. 2000;16(2):121-40. [Crossref] 
  7. Justice LM, Chen J, Jiang H, Tambyraja S, Logan J. Early-literacy intervention conducted by caregivers of children with language impairment: implementation patterns using survival analysis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(5):1668-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  8. National Early Literacy Panel Report. Developing Early Literacy: A Report of the National Early Literacy Panel. 2009. [Link] 
  9. Weiland C, Yoshikawa H. Impacts of a prekindergarten program on children's mathematics, language, literacy, executive function, and emotional skills. Child Dev. 2013;84(6):2112-30. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Yoshikawa H, Weiland C, Brooks-Gunn J. When does preschool matter? Futur Child. 2016;26(2):21-35. [Crossref] 
  11. Goldstein H. Knowing what to teach provides a roadmap for early literacy intervention. J Early Interv. 2011;33(4):268-80. [Crossref] 
  12. Nathan L, Stackhouse J, Goulandris N, Snowling MJ. The development of early literacy skills among children with speech difficulties: a test of the "critical age hypothesis". J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2004;47(2):377-91. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. Hayiou-Thomas ME, Carroll JM, Leavett R, Hulme C, Snowling MJ. When does speech sound disorder matter for literacy? The role of disordered speech errors, co-occurring language impairment and family risk of dyslexia. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(2):197-205. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  14. Murphy KA, Justice LM, O'Connell AA, Pentimonti JM, Kaderavek JN. Understanding risk for reading difficulties in children with language impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2016;59(6):1436-47. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Peterson RL, Pennington BF, Shriberg LD, Boada R. What influences literacy outcome in children with speech sound disorder? J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009;52(5):1175-88. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  16. Snowling MJ, Duff FJ, Nash HM, Hulme C. Language profiles and literacy outcomes of children with resolving, emerging, or persisting language impairments. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57(12):1360-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  17. Tomblin JB, Zhang X, Buckwalter P, Catts H. The association of reading disability, behavioral disorders, and language impairment among second-grade children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41(4):473-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Wilcox MJ, Gray S, Reiser M. Preschoolers with developmental speech and/or language impairment: Efficacy of the Teaching Early Literacy and Language (TELL) curriculum. Early Child Res Q. 2020;51:124-43. [Crossref] 
  19. Justice LM, Invernizzi MA, Meier JD. Designing and implementing an early literacy screening protocol: suggestions for the speech-language pathologist. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2002;33(2):84-101. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Girolametto L, Weitzman E, Greenberg J. Facilitating emergent literacy: efficacy of a model that partners speech-language pathologists and educators. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2012;21(1):47-63. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Pratt AS, Justice LM, Perez A, Duran LK. Impacts of parent-implemented early-literacy intervention for Spanish-speaking children with language impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2015;50(5):569-79. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Johnston SS, McDonnell AP, Hawken LS. Enhancing outcomes in early literacy for young children with disabilities: strategies for success. Interv Sch Clin. 2008;43(4):210-7. [Crossref] 
  23. Turan F, Topcu ZG. Erken okuryazarlık üzerinde paylaşımlı kitap okumanın rolü: okul ve ev ortamı açısından etkileri [The role of shared book reading on early literacy: the effects in terms of home and school environment]. Hacettepe Univ Fac Heal Sci J. 2018;5(1):11-33. [Crossref] 
  24. Dennis LR, Horn E. Strategies for supporting early literacy development. Young Except Child. 2011;14(3):29-40. [Crossref] 
  25. Towson JA, Gallagher PA, Bingham GE. Dialogic reading: language and preliteracy outcomes for young children with disabilities. J Early Interv. 2016;38(4):230-46. [Crossref] 
  26. Crain-Thoreson C, Dale PS. Enhancing linguistic performance: parents and teachers as book reading partners for children with language delays. Topics Early Child Spec Educ. 1999;19(1):28-39. [Crossref] 
  27. Kelley ES, Goldstein H, Spencer TD, Sherman A. Effects of automated Tier 2 storybook intervention on vocabulary and comprehension learning in preschool children with limited oral language skills. Early Child Res Q. 2015;31:47-61. [Crossref] 
  28. Hebbeler K, Spiker D. Supporting young children with disabilities. Futur Child. 2016;26(2):185-205. [Crossref] 
  29. Taylor AL, Calder SD, Pogorzelski S, Koch L. A preliminary evaluation of a manualised intervention to improve early literacy skills in children with Developmental Language Disorder. Child Lang Teach Ther. 2021;37(3):321-36. [Crossref] 
  30. Goldstein H, Olszewski A, Haring C, Greenwood CR, McCune L, Carta J, et al. Efficacy of a supplemental phonemic awareness curriculum to instruct preschoolers with delays in early literacy development. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017;60(1):89-103. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  31. Munro N, Lee K, Baker E. Building vocabulary knowledge and phonological awareness skills in children with specific language impairment through hybrid language intervention: a feasibility study. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2008;43(6):662-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  32. Kahraman Evrenkaya N. İşitme yetersizliği olan 5-6 yaş çocukların erken okuryazarlık becerilerinin incelenmesi [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi; 2019. [Erişim tarihi: 12 Şubat 2022]. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  33. Koehlinger KM, Van Horne AJ, Moeller MP. Grammatical outcomes of 3- and 6-year-old children who are hard of hearing. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2013;56(5):1701-14. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  34. Easterbrooks SR, Lederberg AR, Miller EM, Bergeron JP, Connor C. Emergent literacy skills during early childhood in children with hearing loss: strengths and weaknesses. Volta Rev. 2008;108(2):91-114. [Crossref] 
  35. Tomblin JB, Harrison M, Ambrose SE, Walker EA, Oleson JJ, Moeller MP. Language outcomes in young children with mild to severe hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2015;36 Suppl 1(0 1):76S-91S. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  36. Runnion E, Gray S. What clinicians need to know about early literacy development in children with hearing loss. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2019;50(1):16-33. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  37. Davidson LS, Geers AE, Nicholas JG. The effects of audibility and novel word learning ability on vocabulary level in children with cochlear implants. Cochlear Implants Int. 2014;15(4):211-21. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  38. Eisenberg LS, Fisher LM, Johnson KC, Ganguly DH, Grace T, Niparko JK; CDaCI Investigative Team. Sentence recognition in quiet and noise by pediatric cochlear implant users: relationships to spoken language. Otol Neurotol. 2016;37(2):e75-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  39. Ng SL, Meston CN, Scollie SD, Seewald RC. Adaptation of the BKB-SIN test for use as a pediatric aided outcome measure. J Am Acad Audiol. 2011;22(6):375-86. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  40. Aram D, Most T, Mayafit H. Contributions of mother-child storybook telling and joint writing to literacy development in kindergartners with hearing loss. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2006;37(3):209-23. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  41. DesJardin JL, Ambrose SE, Eisenberg LS. Maternal involvement in the home literacy environment: supporting literacy skills in children with cochlear implants. Commun Disord Q. 2011;32(3):135-50. [Crossref] 
  42. Williams C. Emergent literacy of deaf children. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2004;9(4):352-65. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  43. Easterbrooks SR, Lederberg AR, Connor CM. Contributions of the emergent literacy environment to literacy outcomes for young children who are deaf. Am Ann Deaf. 2010;155(4):467-80. Erratum in: Am Ann Deaf. 2011;156(4):431. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  44. Miller EM, Lederberg AR, Easterbrooks SR. Phonological awareness: explicit instruction for young deaf and hard-of-hearing children. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2013;18(2):206-27. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  45. Werfel KL, Douglas M, Ackal L. Small-group phonological awareness training for pre-kindergarten children with hearing loss who wear cochlear implants and/or hearing aids. Deaf Educ Int. 2016;18(3):134-40. [Crossref] 
  46. Werfel KL, Schuele CM. Improving initial sound segmentation skills of preschool children with severe to profound hearing loss: an exploratory investigation. Volta Rev. 2014;114(2):113-34. [Link] 
  47. Gilliver M, Cupples L, Ching TY, Leigh G, Gunnourie M. Developing sound skills for reading: teaching phonological awareness to preschoolers with hearing loss. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2016;21(3):268-79. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  48. Beal-Alvarez JS, Lederberg AR, Easterbrooks SR. Grapheme-phoneme acquisition of deaf preschoolers. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2012;17(1):39-60. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  49. Spencer LJ, Tomblin JB. Evaluating phonological processing skills in children with prelingual deafness who use cochlear implants. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2009;14(1):1-21. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  50. Walley AC. Spoken word recognition by young children and adults. Cogn Dev. 1988;3(2):137-65. [Crossref] 
  51. Edwards J, Fox RA, Rogers CL. Final consonant discrimination in children: effects of phonological disorder, vocabulary size, and articulatory accuracy. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002;45(2):231-42. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  52. Zupan B, Dempsey L. Facilitating emergent literacy skills in children with hearing loss. Deaf Educ Int. 2013;15(3):130-48. [Crossref] 
  53. Leybaert J, Lechat J. Phonological similarity effects in memory for serial order of cued speech. J Speech, Lang Hear Res. 2001;44(5):949-63. [Crossref] 
  54. Willems P, Leybaert J. Phonological short term memory in deaf children fitted with a cochlear implant: effects of phonological similarity, word lenght and lipreading cues. Rev Logop foniatría y Audiol. 2009;29(3):174-85. [Crossref] 
  55. Gillon GT. The Efficacy of phonological awareness intervention for children with spoken language impairment. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2000;31(2):126-41. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  56. Yopp HK, Yopp RH. Supporting phonemic awareness development in the classroom. Read Teach. 2000;54(2):130-43. [Link] 
  57. Lund E. The effects of parent training on vocabulary scores of young children with hearing loss. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2018;27(2):765-77. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  58. Lederberg AR, Spencer PE. Word-learning abilities in deaf and hard-of-hearing preschoolers: effect of lexicon size and language modality. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2009;14(1):44-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  59. Paatsch LE, Blamey PJ, Sarant JZ, Bow CP. The effects of speech production and vocabulary training on different components of spoken language performance. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2006;11(1):39-55. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  60. Lund E, Douglas WM. Teaching vocabulary to preschool children with hearing loss. Except Child. 2016;83(1):26-41. [Crossref] 
  61. Trussell JW, Hasko J, Kane J, Amari B, Brusehaber A. Interactive storybook reading instruction for preschoolers who are deaf and hard of hearing: a multiple probe across behaviors analysis. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2018;49(4):922-37. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  62. Yumus M, Turan F. The impact of parent training intervention in early years: language and literacy development. International Journal of Early Years Education. 2021;1-17. [Crossref] 
  63. Işıtan S, Saçkes M, Biber K. Erken okuryazarlık becerilerinin ev ortamında desteklenmesi [Supporting children's early literacy development at home]. Yaşadıkça Eğitim. 2020;34(2):284-98. [Crossref] 
  64. Akoglu G, Ergu C, Duman Y. Etkileşimli kitap okuma: korunmaya muhtaç çocukların alıcı ve ifade edici dil becerilerine etkileri [Dialogic reading: its effectiveness on receptive and expressive language of children in need of protection]. Elementary Education Online. 2014;13(2):622-39. [Link] 
  65. Efe M, Temel ZF. Okul öncesi dönem 48-66 ay çocuklarına Etkileşimli Kitap Okuma Programı'nın yazı farkındalığına etkisinin incelenmesi [The study of the effect of the interactive book readingprogram on 48-66 months-old preschool children's writing awareness]. Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2018;2(2):257-83. [Crossref] 
  66. Acar Şengül E. Erken dil müdahalesinde etkileşimli kitap okuma uygulamasının gelişimsel dil gecikmesi görülen çocuklar üzerindeki etkililiğinin incelenmesi [Doktora tezi]. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi; 2019. [Erişim tarihi: 12 Şubat 2022]. Erişim linki: [Link] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com