Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Hızlı İsimlendirme Testinin 20-49 Yaş Arası Bireylerde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği: Metodolojik Çalışma
Validity and Reliability of the Rapid Naming Test in Individuals Aged 20-49: Methodological Study
Cevriye ERGÜLa , Ergül DEMİRb , Hale HANÇERc , Merve DENİZ SAKARYAc , Eda ÇAKMAKc
aAnkara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Özel Eğitim Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye
bAnkara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü, Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme AD, Ankara, Türkiye
cBaşkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Odyoloji Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2024;9(4):845-55
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2024-104954
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Hızlı isimlendirme, görsel uyaranların fonolojik bilgilerinin uzun süreli bellekten hızlı ve otomatik olarak çağrılmasını ifade etmektedir. Klinik çalışmalar, okul öncesi ve okul çağı dönemde olduğu gibi yetişkinlik döneminde de hızlı isimlendirmenin, yürütücü işlevler, işitsel işlemleme, fonolojik farkındalık ve okuma-yazma ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Ancak Türkçe konuşan yetişkinlerin hızlı isimlendirme becerisini değerlendirecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir test bulunmadığı için bu ilişkiler ve etkiler araştırılamamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, çalışmanın amacı 60-125 ay arası Türkçe konuşan çocuklara yönelik olarak geliştirilmiş olan mevcut Hızlı İsimlendirme Testi (HİT)'nin 20-49 yaş aralığındaki bireylerde geçerlikgüvenirliğinin incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: HİT'in mevcut formu 20-49 yaş arası 544 katılımcıdan oluşan örnekleme uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler üzerinden geçerlik çalışmaları olarak açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerine dayalı yapı geçerliği, %27'lik alt-üst grup, cinsiyet, eğitim durumu ve yaşlara göre karşılaştırma yapılarak ayırt edicilik geçerliği ve madde-toplam puan korelasyonları incelenmiştir. Güvenirlik çalışmaları olarak; iç tutarlılık, devamlılık-kararlılık ve puanlayıcılar arası güvenirliği değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, genel bir değerlendirme yapılabilmesi için toplam puanlar üzerinde bağıl yöntemlerle değerlendirmeye esas kesme noktaları önerilmiştir. Bulgular: Testin açımlayıcı faktör analizine göre tek faktör altında toplandığı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile doğrulandığı görülmüştür. Ayırt edicilik geçerliğinde alt ve üst %27'lik dilimleri ayırt edebildiği, eğitim ve yaş gruplarına göre puanların farklılaştığı görülmüştür. Güvenirlik analizinde iç tutarlılığı (0,863) ve test-tekrar test değerleri (0,889) yüksek düzeyde bulunmuştur. Üç yaş düzeyi için kesme aralıkları oluşturulmuş ve aralıkların değerlendirme ölçütleri düşük, orta ve yüksek olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, elde edilen veriler HİT'in yetişkinlerin hızlı isimlendirme becerisini değerlendirmede geçerli-güvenilir bir araç olarak kullanılabileceğini desteklemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yetişkin; özgül öğrenme güçlüğü; disleksi; hızlı isimlendirme
ABSTRACT
 Objective: Rapid naming refers to the rapid and automatic retrieval of phonological information of visual stimuli from the long-term memory. Clinical studies emphasize that rapid naming is significantly related to executive functions, auditory processing, phonological awareness, and literacy in adulthood, as well as in preschool and school-age. However, due to the absence of a valid and reliable test to assess rapid naming abilities in Turkish-speaking adults, it is not possible to conduct research on these relationships and their effects. In this context, this study aims to examine the validity and reliability of the Rapid Naming Test (RNT), which was developed for Turkish-speaking children aged 60-125 months, in individuals aged 20-49 years. Material and Methods: The current version of the RNT was administered to a sample of 544 participants aged 20-49. Based on the obtained data, validity analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to assess construct validity, comparisons of the 27% lower-upper groups, gender, educational status, and age to evaluate discriminant validity, and item-total score correlations. Reliability analyses assessed internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability. Additionally, cutoff intervals were proposed using relative methods to provide an overall assessment. Results: According to the exploratory factor analysis, the test was found to be a single factor and was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. In discriminant validity, it was observed that the test could distinguish between the lower and upper 27%, educational and age groups. In the reliability analysis, the internal consistency (0.863) and test-retest values (0.889) were found to be high. Cutoff intervals were established for the three age groups, and the intervals were determined as low, moderate, and high. Conclusion: The data obtained in this study supported that RNT can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess rapid naming skills in adults.

Keywords: Adult; specific learning disability; dyslexia; rapid naming
REFERENCES:
  1. Denckla MB, Rudel RG. Rapid "automatized" naming (R.A.N): dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. Neuropsychologia. 1976;14(4):471-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  2. Kirby JR, Georgiou GK, Martinussen R, Parrila R. Naming speed and reading: from prediction to instruction. Read Res Q. 2010;45(3):341-62. [Crossref] 
  3. Wolf M, Bowers PG. Naming-speed processes and developmental reading disabilities: an introduction to the special issue on the double-deficit hypothesis. J Learn Disabil. 2000;33(4):322-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  4. Bowey JA, McGuigan M, Ruschena A. On the association between serial naming speed for letters and digits and word‐reading skill: towards a developmental account. J Res Read. 2005;28(4):400-22. [Crossref] 
  5. Furnes B, Samuelsson S. Phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming predicting early development in reading and spelling: results from a cross-linguistic longitudinal study. Learn Individ Differ. 2011;21(1):85-95. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  6. Vander Stappen C, Reybroeck MV. Relating phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming to phonological and orthographic processing of written words: cross‐sequential evidence from French. Read Res Q. 2022;57(3):1065-83. [Crossref] 
  7. Ergül C, Kudret ZB, Ökçün Akçamuş MÇ, Akoğlu G, Demir E, Kılıç Tülü B, et al. Okuma güçlüklerinde çift yetersizlik hipotezi: Hipoteze göre oluşturulmuş grupların okuma ve okuduğunu anlama performanslarının boylamsal incelemesi [Double-deficit hypothesis and reading difficulties: a longitudinal analysis of reading and reading comprehension performance of groups formed according to this hypothesis]. Educ Sci. 2023;48(213):1-23. [Crossref] 
  8. Ziegler JC, Perry C, Ma-Wyatt A, Ladner D, Schulte-Körne G. Developmental dyslexia in different languages: language-specific or universal? J Exp Child Psychol. 2003;86(3):169-93. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  9. Swanson HL. Executive processing in learning-disabled readers. Intell. 1993;17(2):117-49. [Crossref] 
  10. Araújo S, Faísca L, Bramão I, Inácio F, Petersson KM, Reis A. Object naming in dyslexic children: more than a phonological deficit. J Gen Psychol. 2011;138(3):215-28. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Wolf M, Bowers PG, Biddle K. Naming-speed processes, timing, and reading: a conceptual review. J Learn Disabil. 2000;33(4):387-407. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Stiver J, Staffaroni AM, Walters SM, You MY, Casaletto KB, Erlhoff SJ, et al. The rapid naming test: development and initial validation in typically aging adults. Clin Neuropsychol. 2022;36(7):1822-43. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  13. Suárez-Coalla P, Cuetos F. Reading difficulties in Spanish adults with dyslexia. Ann Dyslexia. 2015;65(1):33-51. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Pothen KR, John S, Guddattu V. Rapid naming ability in adults with stuttering. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2022;29(4):761-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Breznitz Z, Shaul S, Horowitz-Kraus T, Sela I, Nevat M, Karni A. Enhanced reading by training with imposed time constraint in typical and dyslexic adults. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1486. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Eden GF, Jones KM, Cappell K, Gareau L, Wood FB, Zeffiro TA, et al. Neural changes following remediation in adult developmental dyslexia. Neuron. 2004;44(3):411-22. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Jacobson JM, Nielsen NP, Minthon L, Warkentin S, Wiig EH. Multiple rapid automatic naming measures of cognition: normal performance and effects of aging. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98(3 Pt 1):739-53. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Moayedfar S, Purmohammad M, Shafa N, Shafa N, Ghasisin L. Analysis of naming processing stages in patients with mild Alzheimer. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2021;28(1):107-16. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Conway J, Ilardi M, Gonzalez C, Dahan N, Fallon S, Moehringer N, et al. Rapid picture naming in Parkinson's disease using the Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES). J Neurol Sci. 2020;410:116680. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Albuquerque CP, Simões MR. Rapid naming tests: developmental course and relations with neuropsychological measures. Span J Psychol. 2010;13(1):88-100. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Decker SL, Roberts AM, Englund JA. Cognitive predictors of rapid picture naming. Learn Individ Differ. 2013;25(4):141-9. [Crossref] 
  22. Logan JA, Schatschneider C, Wagner RK. Rapid serial naming and reading ability: the role of lexical access. Read Writ. 2011;24(1):1-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  23. Wolf M, Denckla MB. The rapid automatized naming and rapid alternating stimulus tests (RAN/RAS). 1st ed. USA: Pro Education; 2005.
  24. Bakır FH, Babür N. Hızlı Otomatik İsimlendirme Testi'nin Türkçeye uyarlanması [Adaptation of Rapid Automotized Naming Tests to Turkish]. Boğaziçi Univ J Educ. 2018;35(2):35-51. [Link] 
  25. Ergül C, Demir E. Anasınıfından dördüncü sınıfa kadar olan çocuklar için geliştirilmiş Hızlı İsimlendirme Testi'nin geçerlik ve güvenirliği [Validity and reliability of Rapid Naming Test for children from kindergarten to fourth grade]. Trak J Educ. 2022;12(1):176-92. [Crossref] 
  26. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [İnternet]. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi 2007-2021 [Erişim tarihi: 21 Eylül 2022]. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  27. Kenny D, Kaniskan B, McCoach D. The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociol Meth Res. 2015;44(3):486-507. [Crossref] 
  28. Shi D, DiStefano C, Maydeu-Olivares A, Lee T. Evaluating SEM model fit with small degrees of freedom. Multivariate Behav Res. 2022;57(2-3):179-207. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Tay L, Drasgow F. Adjusting the adjusted χ2/df ratio statistic for dichotomous item response theory analyses. Does the model fit? Educ Psychol Meas. 2012;72(3):510-28. [Crossref] 
  30. Kline P. An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. 1st ed. London: Routledge; 1994.
  31. Büyüköztürk Ş. Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. 7. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık; 2007.
  32. Lai K, Green SB. The problem with having two watches: assessment of fit when RMSEA and CFI Disagree. Multivariate Behav Res. 2016;51(2-3):220-39. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  33. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1-55. [Crossref] 
  34. Cohen RJ, Schneider WJ, Tobin R, Swerdlik M, Sturman E. Psychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests and Measurement. 10th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2022.
  35. Nergård-Nilssen T, Hulme C. Developmental dyslexia in adults: behavioural manifestations and cognitive correlates. Dyslexia. 2014;20(3):191-207. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com