Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences

.: REVIEW
Historical Development of Skull Thickness Measurements and Usability of These Measurements in Forensic Medicine: A Traditional Literature Review
Kafatası Kalınlığı Ölçümlerinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Bu Ölçümlerin Adli Tıpta Kullanılabilirliği: Geleneksel Bir Literatür Taraması
Mahmut AŞIRDİZERa, İrem SARI KARABAĞb
aDepartment of Forensic Medicine, Bahçeşehir University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, TURKEY
bClinic of Pediatric Radiology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med. 2021;18(3):242-50
doi: 10.5336/forensic.2021-85819
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 For approximately 2 centuries, the estimation of ancestry, sex, and age from skull measurements has been one of the issues of anthropology. Since the first studies of skull thickness in 1879, measurements were first made with calipers, and then with technological developments over time are also now made with X-rays, computed tomography examinations, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Skull thickness was used for several clinical purposes in medicine, such as determining the most suitable area for bone grafts, deciding on the appropriate area in the temporal bone for hearing aid application, monitoring changes in bone thickness in various diseases and treatments, etc. It has also been used for forensic identification, and to explain the mechanism of skull fractures in forensic medicine, although it was described in a limited number of articles. The aim of this study is to make a detailed literature review of the historical development of skull thickness measurement techniques, including the use of skull thickness measurements in forensic identification and skull fracture mechanism. It can be foreseen that skull thickness will be an indispensable part of forensic identification, especially in skeletons, together with the mapping method, an example of which has been carried out. Likewise, there is no doubt that measuring the thickness of the regions where the fracture lines pass in the skulls and the bone density of these regions by scintigraphy and combining them with the 3D Finite Element Model will lead to new ideas about the mechanism of fracture formation.

Keywords: Skull thickness; forensic identification; X-ray; computed tomography; ultrasonography
ÖZET
 Yaklaşık 2 yüzyıldır kafatası ölçümlerinden; soy, cinsiyet ve yaş tahmini, antropolojinin konularından biri olmuştur. 1879 yılındaki kafatası kalınlığı üzerine gerçekleştirilen ilk çalışmalardan bu yana önce kumpas yardımı ile ölçümler yapılmış, daha sonraki zamanlarda teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte X ışını, bilgisayarlı tomografi, ultrasonografi ve manyetik rezonans görüntüleme gibi radyolojik teknikler de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kafatası kalınlığı; tıpta kemik greftleri alımı için en uygun alanın belirlenmesi, işitme cihazı uygulanması için temporal kemikteki en uygun alana karar verilmesi, çeşitli hastalık ve tedavilerde kemik kalınlığındaki değişikliklerin izlenmesi gibi çeşitli klinik amaçlar için kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca sınırlı sayıda makalede tanımlanmış da olsa adli tıpta adli kimlik tespiti ve kafatası kırıklarının mekanizmasını açıklamak için de kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kafatası kalınlığı ölçümlerinin adli kimliklendirme ve kafatası kırılma mekanizmasında kullanımı da dâhil olmak üzere kafatası kalınlığı ölçüm tekniklerinin tarihsel gelişimi hakkında ayrıntılı bir literatür taraması yapmaktır. Özellikle iskelet formunda bulunan cesetlerde, yakın bir gelecekte kafatası kalınlıklarının, bir örneği gerçekleştirilmiş olan haritalama metodu ile birlikte adli kimlik tespitinin vazgeçilmez bir parçası olacağı öngörülebilir. Aynı şekilde, kafataslarındaki lineer kırıkların geçtiği bölgelerin kalınlıklarının ve bu bölgelerin kemik yoğunluğunun sintigrafiyle ölçülmesi ve bunun 3D Finite Element Model ile birleştirilmesinin, kırığın oluşum mekanizması hakkında bugüne kadar tanımlananların ötesinde yeni fikirlere yol açacağından şüphe yoktur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kafatası kalınlığı; adli kimliklendirme; X ışını; bilgisayarlı tomografi; ultrasonografi
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5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com