Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Factors Affecting Epistemological Beliefs of Undergraduate Nursing Students: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Hemşirelik Lisans Öğrencilerinin Epistemolojik İnançlarını Etkileyen Faktörler: Tanımlayıcı Kesitsel Çalışma
Tangül AYTUR ÖZENa, Filiz KANTEKb, Hande YEŞİLBAŞb
aDepartment of Nursing, Division of Nursing Management, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Health Science, Isparta, Türkiye
bDepartment of Nursing Management, Akdeniz University Faculty of Nursing, Antalya, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2022;14(4):1090-8
doi: 10.5336/nurses.2022-91726
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: This research aims to determine the epistemological beliefs of nursing undergraduate students and examine the affecting factors. Material and Methods: This study uses a descriptive cross-sectional design. The study sample consisted of 621 students receiving education in the 2018-2019 academic year. The 'personal information form', consisting of 10 questions developed by the researchers based on the literature, and the 'Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire' were used to collect the research data. The data were analyzed through the 'SPSS 20.0' using descriptive statistics of the characteristics and epistemological beliefs of the participants. Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection analysis was used to determine the affecting factors. Results: In the epistemological belief sub-dimensions, the belief that learning depends on effort was 63.47±16.17, the belief that it depends on ability was 22.00±8.49, and the belief in the existence of a single truth was 28.28±8.01. It has been determined that students' epistemological beliefs are affected by gender, where they live, and academic success (p<0.05). Conclusion: The epistemological beliefs can severely impact nursing students' academic behavior; therefore, the epistemological beliefs of students from different socioeconomic backgrounds should be challenged and improved. The findings from this study can contribute to developing strategies for invisible belief barriers that lead students to fail in increasing the quality of care by using accurate and reliable information.

Keywords: Nursing; nursing students; nursing education; epistemological belief
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu araştırma, hemşirelik lisans öğrencilerinin epistemolojik inançlarını belirlemek ve etkileyen faktörleri incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, tanımlayıcı kesitsel tasarım kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılında eğitim gören 621 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında araştırmacılar tarafından literatüre dayalı olarak geliştirilen 10 sorudan oluşan 'Kişisel Bilgi Formu' ve 'Epistemolojik İnançlar Anketi' kullanılmıştır. Veriler, katılımcıların özellikleri ve epistemolojik inançları tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullanılarak 'SPSS 20.0' istatistik paket programı yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesinde Otomatik KiKare Etkileşim Belirleme analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Epistemolojik inanç alt boyutlarında öğrenmenin çabaya bağlı olduğuna dair inanç 63,47±16,17, yeteneğe bağlı olduğuna dair inanç 22,00±8,49 ve tek bir doğrunun varlığına olan inanç 28,28±8,01 olarak bulunmuştur. Öğrencilerin epistemolojik inançlarının cinsiyet, yaşadıkları yer ve akademik başarılarından etkilendiği belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Sonuç: Epistemolojik inançlar, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin akademik davranışlarını ciddi şekilde etkileyebilir, bu nedenle farklı sosyoekonomik geçmişlerden gelen öğrencilerin epistemolojik inançları sorgulanmalı ve geliştirilmelidir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, doğru ve güvenilir bilgiler kullanılarak öğrencilerin bakımın kalitesini artırmada başarısızlığa yol açan görünmez inanç engellerine yönelik stratejilerin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hemşirelik; hemşirelik öğrencileri; hemşirelik eğitimi; epistemolojik inanç
REFERENCES:
  1. Schommer M. Epistemological development and academic performance among secondary students. J Educ Psychol. 1993;85(3):406-11. [Crossref] 
  2. Benbassat J. Hypothesis: the hospital learning environment impedes students' acquisition of reflectivity and medical professionalism. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2019;24(1):185-94. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Oh SA, Chung EK, Han ER, Woo YJ, Kevin D. The relationship between medical students' epistemological beliefs and achievement on a clinical performance examination. Korean J Med Educ. 2016;28(1):29-34. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  4. Hofer BK, Pintrich PR. The development of epistemological theories: beliefs about knowledge and knowing and their relation to learning. Rev Educ Res. 1997;67(1):88-140. [Crossref] 
  5. Deryakulu D. Üniversite öğrencilerinin öğrenme ve ders çalışma stratejileri ile epistemolojik inançları arasındaki ilişki [The relationships between university students' learning and study strategies and their epistemological beliefs]. Educ Adm Theory Pr. 2004;38:230-49. [Link] 
  6. Lau ST, Ang E, Samarasekera DD, Shorey S. Development of undergraduate nursing entrustable professional activities to enhance clinical care and practice. Nurse Educ Today. 2020;87:104347. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Lee JJ, Clarke CL, Carson MN, Yang SC. How do Korean nursing students build knowledge? A constructivist grounded theory study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e022050. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  8. Özkan F, Zincir H, Dağdelen D. Determining the effects of free sessions on epistemological beliefs, critical thinking disposition and metacognitive awareness of nursing students taking research course. Samsun Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2022;7(1):153-66. [Crossref] 
  9. Yılmaz A, Kaya H. Relationship between nursing students' epistemological beliefs and locus of control. Nurse Educ Today. 2010;30(7):680-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Orgun F, Karaoz B. Epistemological beliefs and the Self-efficacy Scale in nursing students. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(6):e37-e40. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Karadağ M, Alpaslan Ö, Yıldırım Şişman N, Pekin İşeri Ö. Hemşirelik ve ebelik öğrencilerinin problem çözme becerileri ve epistemolojik inançları [Problem solving skills and epistemological beliefs of nursing and midwifery students]. Cukurova Med J. 2018;43(1):1-6. [Crossref] 
  12. Orgun F, Khorshid L, Eşer İ. İki farklı eğitim sisteminde öğrenim gören öğrenci hemşirelerin epistemolojik inançlarının incelenmesi [Studying the epistemologic beliefs of the nurse students being educated in two distinct education systems]. J Ege Univ Nurs Fac. 2013;29(1):16-29. [Link] 
  13. Calabrese TL. The relationship of epistemic beliefs and academic performance in prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students [Doctoral thesis]. Chester: Widener University School of Nursing; 2014. [Cited: June 4, 2018]. Available from: [Link] 
  14. Deryakulu D, Büyüköztürk S. Epistemolojik İnanç Ölçeği'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Validity and reliability study of the Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire]. J Educ Res. 2002;2(8):111-25. [Link] 
  15. Cruz APD. Predicting the relapse category in patients with tuberculosis: a chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) decision tree analysis. Open J Soc Sci. 2018;6(12):29-36. [Crossref] 
  16. Kass GV. An exploratory technique for investigating large quantities of categorical data. Appl Stat. 1980;29(2):119-27. [Crossref] 
  17. Arslan A. Üniversite öğrencilerinin epistemolojik inançlari ve mobil öğrenme hazırbulunuşluklarının incelenmesi [Examining university students' epistemological beliefs and mobile learning readiness]. Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sos Bilim Enstitüsü Derg. 2022;19(49):277-95. [Link] 
  18. Eyres SJ, Loustau A, Ersek M. Ways of knowing among beginning students in nursing. J Nurs Educ. 1992;31(4):175-80. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Çuhadaroğlu A. The relationship between gender role attitudes and epistemological beliefs of university students. Eur J Educ Stud. 2021;8(4):291-316. [Crossref] 
  20. Kanadlı S, Akay C. Schommer'in epistemolojik inançlar modelinin cinsiyet ve akademik başarı açısından incelenmesi: bir meta-analizi çalışması [An investigation of the schommers' epistemological beliefs model in terms of gender and academic success: a meta-analysis]. Egitim ve Bilim. 2019;44(198):389-411. [Crossref] 
  21. Türkoğlu N, Kavuran E, Karaca S. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin internete yönelik epistemolojik inançlarının belirlenmesi [Determination of the epistemological beliefs of nursing students towards the internet]. Akdeniz Med J. 2022;8(2):113-20. [Crossref] 
  22. Tümkaya S. Üniversite öğrencilerinin epistemolojik inançlarının cinsiyet, sınıf, eğitim alanı, akademik başarı ve öğrenme stillerine göre incelenmesi [The investigation of the epistemological beliefs of university students according to gender, grade, fields of study, academic success and their learning styles]. Educ Sci Theory Pract. 2012;12(1):75-95. [Link] 
  23. Aslan C. Examining epistemological beliefs of teacher candidates according to various variables. Eurasian J Educ Res. 2017;67:37-50. [Crossref] 
  24. Langcay M, Gutierrez JP, Valencia M-M, Tindowen DJ. Epistemological beliefs of pre-service teachers. J Soc Sci Humanit. 2019;5(2):37-45. [Link] 
  25. Avcı M, Yenilmez Turkoğlu A, Eş H. Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının epistemolojik inançlarının araştırma sorgulamaya dayalı fen öğretimi ve bilimsel tutum üzerine etkilerinin çoklu regresyon ile analizi [Analysis of the effects of pre-service science teachers' epistemological beliefs on teaching science as scientific inquiry and scientific attitude through multiple regression]. Mersin Univ J Fac Educ. 2020;16(1):80-93. [Crossref] 
  26. Greene JA, Cartiff BM, Duke RF. A meta-analytic review of the relationship between epistemic cognition and academic achievement. J Educ Psychol. 2018;110(8):1084-111. [Crossref] 
  27. Schommer-Aikins M, Easter M. Ways of knowing and epistemological beliefs: Combined effect on academic performance. Educ Psychol. 2006;26(3):411-23. [Crossref] 
  28. Labasky SM. A study of the relationships among student nurse epistemology, critical thinking, and clinical decision-making [Doctoral thesis]. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah; 2004. [Cited: February 25, 2018]. Available from: [Link] 
  29. Assenheimer D, Knox K, Nadarajah VD, Zimitat C. Medical students' epistemological beliefs: implications for curriculum. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2016;29(2):107-12. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Çarkıt C, Kurnaz H. The relationship between preservice teachers' critical thinking and epistemological beliefs. Search Ebscohost Com. 2022;18(1):114-27. [Link] 
  31. Bader JD. Socioscientific decision-making in undergraduate students: the role of personal epistemology [Doctoral thesis]. Durham: The University of New Hampshire; 2022. [Cited: August 25, 2022]. Available from: [Link] 
  32. Zhong Z, Hu D, Zheng F, Ding S, Luo A. Relationship between information-seeking behavior and innovative behavior in Chinese nursing students. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;63:1-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  33. Nacaroğlu O, Kızkapan O. Gifted students' beliefs about knowledge and learning. J Sci Learn. 2021;4(3):275-87. [Crossref] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com