Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

Eski Anadolu Uygarlıklarında "Biyoetik"
"BIOETHICS" IN ANCIENT ANATOLIAN SOCIETIES
N. Yasemin OĞUZ*
*Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Deontoloji AD, Öğr. Gör., ANKARA
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 1997;5(3):125-32
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Bu makalenin amacı, biyoetiğin Anadolu'daki köklerini vurgulamaktır. Kuşkusuz Anadolu dünya üzerinde en eski uygarlıklara ev sahipliği yapmış topraklardır. Yapılan arkeolojik çalışmalar ilk çağlardan beri Anadolu'da insan yaşamının olduğunu göstermektedir. Dünyanın en eski yerleşimleri de bu kara parçasında kurulmuştur. Tarihte geriye doğru gidildikçe kavramlar bulanıklaşır. Özellikle kavramların taşıyıcısı olan dil, alt kümeleri ayrışmamış soyut kavramları iletmekte yetersiz kalır. Bu nedenle bu makalede biyoetiğin, temel insan uğraşlarının etik yönlerini ve toplumsal sorumluluklarını içeren en geniş tanımı kullanılacaktır. Anadolu'da yazılı tarihin ilk olarak Asur ticaret kolonileri ile başladığı söylenebilir. Ancak Asur Devleti Mezopotamya'da kurulmuş olduğundan Anadolu'nun yazılı tarihinde bildiğimiz ilk devletin Hititler olduğunu söylemek yanlış olmayacaktır. Asur ticaret kolonileri ile ilgili olarak elde bulunan yazılı metinlere bakarak, Asurların kurdukları ticaret kolonilerinde oldukça ayrıntılı bir ticaret ahlâkının olduğu, kaçakçılığın hoşgörülmediği ve denetlendiği, engellenmeye çalışıldığı söylenebilir. Hititler M.Ö. 2000'li yıllarda Anadolu'da 800 yıl süren bir devlet kurmuşlardır. Biyoetiğin ağırlıklı konulardan biri olan tıbba bakılacak olursa, Hititlerin bu açıdan oldukça gelişmiş oldukları görülmektedir. Hititlerde temel etik değerin "temizlik" olduğu söylenebilir. "Temiz" sözcüğü yalnızca somut anlamda "kirli olmayan" anlamına gelmemekte, aynı zamanda "iyi, doğru ve haklı" anlamlarına da gelmektedir. Hitit Uygarlığı'nın asıl izleyicileri olan Galat'lar, tek tanrılı bir dine sahiptirler ve Hititlerin politeistik dinine yabancıdırlar. Galat'lar Hititlerin yerleştikleri yüksek platoya yerleşip Anadolu'nun yerli halkı ile kaynaşarak Hitit kültürü-nü almışlardır. Galatlarda toplum liderlerini oluşturan sınıfa Drüidler denmektedir. Bu grubun üyeleri herhangi bir hiye-rarşiye bağlı olmaksızın halk arasında yaşayan, onlarla aynı gündelik işleri paylaşan, bilge kişilerdir. Dogma koymamışlardır ve klasik din adamlarına benzemezler. Bir anlamda toplumun vicdanını temsil ettikleri, ahlâki değerleri belirleyip toplumun yönlendirdikleri söylenebilir. Bu bakımdan günümüzün etikçilerine benzetilebilirler.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyoetik, Biyoetik tarihi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to emphasize the roots of bioethics in Anatolia. Anatolia is a land which has hosted the most ancient civilizations in the world. Archeological researches showed that there has been human life in Anatolia since antiquity. The oldest settlements of the world were established on this land as well. When going back into history, it is found that concepts are dimmed. Especially the language which carries the concepts to be inadequate in conveying abstract concepts. So in this article the broadest definition of bioethics that consists of the social responsibility and ethics of basic human professions, will be used. Written history can be said to have begun with the Assyrians who were the first to establish settlements (trade colonies) in Anatolia. But as the Assyrian State established in Mesopotamia, it will not be wrong to say that the State of Hittites are the first in Anatolia's written history. It can be understood from the available information about Assyrian trade colonies that they had a detailed commercial ethics; they had a strict control in order to prevent smuggling. Hittites founded a state in Anatolia in 2000 B.C. which lasted 800 years. When medicine, one of the most significant subjects of bioethics, is taken into consideration, it can be seen that Hittites were well-developed from this aspect. Basic ethical value in Hittite civilization was cleanliness. "Clean" was not only a word for not being dirty which can be seen as a concrete meaning, but also it was used instead for "good, right and just". The Galatians, who had a monotheistic religion and were completely aliens to Hittites politheism, settled in the high plateau where the Hittites had lived before. They joined with the native population of Anatolia and adopted some aspects of Hittite civilization. Social leaders in Galatian society were the Druids. They were chosen regardless of any kind of hierarchy, they lived with the people and shared their daily tasks, they were assumed to be wise people. They did not build any dogmas and they were very different from classical priests. They symbolized the conscience of the society; they established the moral values and they led the society by them. So they could be assumed as the ethicists of that age.In this article, the influence of ancient Anatolian societies on the ethical values of today will be discussed.

Keywords: Bioethics, History of bioethics

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