Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences

.: REVIEW
Erkek Kontrasepsiyonunda Engeller: Literatür İncelemesi
Barriers in Male Contraception: Literature Review
Gonca BURANa, Hilmiye AKSUb
aHemşirelik Bölümü, Doğum, Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği ABD, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Bursa, TÜRKİYE
bDoğum, Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği ABD, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi, Aydın, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2019;11(4):399-408
doi: 10.5336/nurses.2019-66609
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Dünya nüfusunun hızlı artışı ve istenmeyen gebelik oranlarının hâlâ yüksek olması, aile planlamasının önemini artırmaktadır. Kontrasepsiyonun çeşitliliğinin artırılması, yöntemlerin olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılmasına ilişkin çalışmalar yıllardır devam etmekte ve yeni yöntemler çiftlerin kullanımına sunulmaktadır. Ancak geliştirilen ve kullanıma sunulan bu yöntemler kadına yönelik olup, aile planlamasındaki büyük sorumluluk kadınlara yüklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada literatür incelemesi yapılarak, erkek kontrasepsiyonunda yıllardır çeşitli çalışmalar sürmesine rağmen neden kullanıma sunulan yöntem olmadığı, erkek kontrasepsiyonundaki engellerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Erkek kontrasepsiyonunda çeşitliliğin artırılmasına ilişkin çalışmalar 1970'li yıllarda başlamasına rağmen yıllardır kondom, vazektomi ve geri çekme dışında kullanıma sunulan yeni yöntem yoktur. Geliştirilmeye çalışılan yeni bariyer, hormonal, nonhormonal yöntemlerin bazıları hayvan deneyleri, bazıları da insan deneyleri aşamasındadır. Literatür incelendiğinde, çalışmada erkek kontrasepsiyonundaki engellere ilişkin temel bulgular iki ana başlıkta toplamak mümkündür. Bunlardan birincisi çalışmaların sürdürülmesindeki engeller; maliyetin yüksek olması, çalışmaların istenilen başarıyı sağlayamaması, çalışmaya ilişkin tıbbi girişimlere ilişkin yan etkiler ve kullanım zorluğu nedeni ile gönüllülerin çalışmadan ayrılmasıdır. İkincisi ise erkek kontrasepsiyonunun kullanımını sınırlayan faktörlerdir. Bunlar; cinsiyet ayrımcılığı, dini inançlar, eş onayı, yöntemlerin uygulanış zorluğu, libidoyu etkilemesi, geri dönüşünün olmamasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kontraseptif kullanımı; erkek kontrasepsiyonu; erkek kontraseptif ajanlar; erkek kontrasepsiyonunda engeller
ABSTRACT
 The rapid increase in the world population and the high rates of unintented pregnancy are increasing the importance of family planning. Studies on reducing the negative effects of these methods have been continuing for years and new methods are being put into use for couples. However, these methods that are developed and used are directed towards women, and the great responsibility for family planning is imposed on women. In this study, it is aimed to determine the obstacles in male contraception, despite the fact that several studies have been carried out in male contraception for many years. Although studies on increasing the diversity of male contraception started in the 1970s, there has been no new method for years except for condom, vasectomy and withdrawal. Some of the new barrier, hormonal and non-hormonal methods that are tried to be developed are in animal experiments and some are in human experiments stage. When the literature is examined, it is possible to collect the main findings about the obstacles in male contraception in two main titles. The first one is the obstacles in the continuation of the studies; the high cost, the failure of the studies to achieve the desired success, the side effects related to the medical interventions related to the study and the difficulty of use, leaving the volunteers from the study. The second limiting factor is also the use of male contraception. These are gender discrimination, religious beliefs, spousal approval, difficulty of implementation of methods, affecting of libido, lack of return.

Keywords: Contraceptive usage; male contraception; male contraceptive agents; barriers in male contraception
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"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com