Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences

.: REVIEW
Bir Halk Sağlığı Sorunu: Kanatlı Ürünlerinde Dioksin Varlığı
A Public Health Problem: Dioxin Presence in Poultry Products
Ufuk KAMBERa, Güzin İPLİKÇİOĞLU ÇİLb, Ufuk Tansel ŞİRELİb
aGıda Güvenliği ve Halk Sağlığı Bölümü, Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Kars, TÜRKİYE
bGıda Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi Bölümü, Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci. 2019;10(2):71-83
doi: 10.5336/vetsci.2019-66460
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Dioksinler; kalıcı organik çevresel kirleticiler arasında yer alan, toksik özellikleri nedeniyle insanlar için ciddi sağlık sorunları oluşturan, iki klorlu benzen halkası içeren bileşen grubunun genel adıdır. Özellikle son yıllarda gelişen endüstriyle birlikte klorlu birçok kimyasalın üretimi ve atık yakma sonucunda ara ürün olarak ortaya çıkarak, çevrede yaygın olarak bulunmaktadırlar. Kısa süreli yüksek seviyelerde dioksine maruz kalma, klorakneye, karaciğer fonksiyon bozukluklarına ve cildin şekilsiz kararması gibi deri lezyonlarına sebep olmaktadır. Uzun süreli maruz kalmada ise başta kanser, Tip 2 diyabet ve iskemik kalp hastalığı gibi sağlık sorunlarının olabileceği bildirilmektedir. İnsanlar için dioksinlere maruz kalmanın başlıca yollarından biri de gıdalardır. Dioksinler, kanatlıların besin zincirine birkaç yoldan girdiğinden, özellikle kanatlı etleri ve yumurtalar bu bileşen yönünden risk taşımaktadır. Çevre kirliliğinden etkilenmiş alanlarda üretilen, ev yetiştiriciliği ya da organik besicilik yapan işletmelerden elde edilen yumurta ve kanatlı etlerinde önemli düzeylerde dioksin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dioksinlerin zararlı etkilerinden korunmak ve dioksin bakımından güvenli tavuk eti ve yumurta üretimi için çiftlik aşaması başta olmak üzere; üretim, işleme, dağıtım ve satış sırasında kontrol edilmesi gerekir. Tavuk çiftliklerinde tolerans seviyelerinin aşılmasını önlemek için kontaminasyon izleme sistemleri oluşturulmalıdır. Yine kontamine yumurta ve kanatlı etlerinde dioksin düzeylerini tespit etmek ve kontamine ürünleri uzaklaştırmak için çaba gösterilmelidir. Tüketicilerin, kanatlılarda dioksin varlığı ile ilgili bilinci her geçen gün artsa da doğadaki ve gıdalarımızdaki dioksin seviyelerinin arzu edilen değerlere indirilmesinin uzun yıllar alacağı ve dolayısıyla insanlar için bu bileşiğin uzun bir süre daha risk kaynağı oluşturacağı bilinmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Dioksin; kanatlı; yumurta; gıda kontaminasyonu; halk sağlığı
ABSTRACT
 Dioxins are the general name of a group of component containing two chlorinated benzene rings, which are among the permanent organic environmental pollutants, that are cause serious health problems for humans due to their toxicity. They can be found widely in the environment especially in recent years, after the increase in the production of chlorinated chemicals and as an intermediate product as a result of waste incineration. Short-term exposure to high levels of dioxins leads to chloracne, liver dysfunctions and skin lesions such as amorphous blackening of the skin. It is reported that long term exposure may cause health problems such as cancer, Type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease. Food is one of the main ways of exposure to dioxins for humans. Since dioxins enter the food chain of poultry in several ways, especially poultry meat and eggs have a risk in terms of this component. It is known that there are significant levels of dioxins detected from eggs and poultry meat produced in the areas affected by environmental pollution, obtained from small size enterprises or organic dairy farms. Controls during the production, processing, distribution and sales are essential, in particular, to prevent the harmful effects of dioxins and to produce dioxin-safe food. Contamination monitoring systems should be established to prevent tolerance levels to be exceeded. Despite the increasing awareness of the presence and prevention of dioxin in poultry, it will take many years for the levels to be reduced to the desired values in nature and it should also be known that this compound will be a risk factor for humans for a long time.

Keywords: Dioxin; poultry; egg; food contamination; public health
REFERENCES:
  1. Poland A, Knutson JC. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1982;22:517-54. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  2. Guler U, Kundakci O. [Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds and their effects on human and environmental health]. Karaelmas Fen Muh Derg. 2014;4(1):71-5.
  3. Arikan D, Yetim H, Sagdic O, Kesmen Z. [Dioxin contamination in foods and their effects on human health]. Electronic J Food Technol. 2009;12(2):9-15.
  4. Baytok E, Bingol NT. [Dioxin: toxin entered in our table and life with our food]. Van Vet J. 2013;24(1):45-9.
  5. Anon. Information Sheet I: Summary of the Dioxin Reassessment Science (Vol. 2): Washington: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); 2001. p.2.
  6. Bawden K. Inventory of dioxin emissions in Australia. No: 3. National Dioxins Program Report; 2004. p.85.
  7. Filazi A, Yurdakok Dikmen B, Kuzukiran O. [Poisoning cases originated from environmental pollutants]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci Pharmacol Toxicol-Special Topics. 2015;1(3):45-52.
  8. Barnes D, Alford-Stevens A, Birnbaum L, Kutz FW, Wood W, Patton D. Toxicity equivalency factors for PCBs. Qual Assur. 1991;1(1):70-81.
  9. Schecter A, Birnbaum L, Ryan JJ, Constable JD. Dioxins: an overview. Environ Res. 2006;101(3):419-28. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Lovett AA, Foxall CD, Creaser CS, Chewe D. PCB and PCDD/DF concentrations in egg and poultry meat samples from known urban and rural locations in Wales and England. Chemosphere. 1998;37(9-12):1671-85. [Crossref] 
  11. De Vriesl M, Kwakkel RP, Kijlstral A. Dioxins in organic eggs: a review. NJAS Wageningen J Life Sci. 2006;54(2):207-22. [Crossref] 
  12. Van den Berg M, De Jongh J, Poiger H, Olson JR. The toxicokinetics and metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDS) and dibenzofurans (PCDFS) and their relevance for toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1994;24:(1)1-74. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. Eduljee GH, Gair AJ. Validation of a methodology for modeling PCDD and PCDF intake via the food chain. Sci Total Environ. 1996;183(3):221-9. [Crossref] 
  14. De Viries M. Monitoring dioxin contents of organic eggs. Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority. Hague. 2002;7.
  15. Kijlstra A. The role of organic and free poultry production systems on the dioxin levels in eggs. Proceedings of the 3rd SAFO; 2004. p.83-90.
  16. Kennedy J, Delaney L, Hudson EM, McGloin A, Wall PG. Public perceptions of the dioxin incident in Irish pork. J Risk Res. 2010;13(7):937-49. [Crossref] 
  17. Kupferschmidt K. Dioxin scandal triggers food debate in Germany. CMAJ. 2011;183(4):E221-2. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  18. Schoeters G, Hoogenboom R. Contamination of free-range chicken eggs with dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006;50(10):908-14. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Aslan S, Korucu M, Karademir KA, Durmusoglu E. Kocaeli'nde yerel olarak uretilen yumurtalarda dioksin ve furan (pcdd/f) seviyelerinin belirlenmesi. Izmir: 7. Ulusal Cevre Muhendisligi Kongresi, Yasam Cevre Teknoloji; 2007.
  20. Anon. Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs; 2011. p.6. No 1259/2011, L 320/18.
  21. White SS, Birnbaum LS. An overview of the effects of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds on vertebrates, as documented in human and ecological epidemiology. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2009;27(4):197-211. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  22. Smith G, Hart ADM, Rose MD, Macarthur R, Fernandes A, White S, et al. Intake estimation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in salmon: the inclusion of uncertainty. Food Add Contam. 2002;19(8):770-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Boffetta P, Mundt KA, Adami HO, Cole P, Mandel JS. TCDD and cancer: a critial review of epidemiologic studies. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2011;41(7):622-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  24. Sun SJ, Zhao JH, Liu HJ, Liu DW, Ma YX, Li L, et al. Dioxin concentration in human milk in Hebei Province in China and Tokyo, Japan: potential dietary risk factors and determination of possible sources. Chemosphere. 2006;62(11):1879-88. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Koopman-Esseboom C, Weisglas-Kuperus N, de Ridder MA, Van der Paauw CG, Tuinstra LG, Sauer PJ. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl/dioxin exposure and feeding type on infants' mental and psychomotor development. Pediatrics. 1996;97(5):700-6.
  26. Domotorova M, Sejakova ZS, Kocan A, Conka K, Chovancova J, Fabisikova A. PCDDs, PCDFs, dioxin-like PCBs and indicator PCBs in soil from five selected areas in Slovakia. Chemosphere. 2012;89(4):480-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Anonymous. Commission of the European communities, report from the commission to the council with regard to developments in consumption, washing and marking of eggs. 479 final, 6/8/2003.
  28. Anonymous. Yumurta Tavukcugu Verileri 2017. Yumurta ureticileri Merkez Birligi; 2017. p.29. http://www.yum-bir.org/UserFiles/File/ yumurta-veriler2017web.pdf.
  29. Estrellan CR, Iino F. Toxic emissions from open burning. Chemosphere. 2010;80(3):193-207. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Brambilla G, Fochi I, De Filippis SP, Iacovella N, di Domenico A. Pentachlorophenol, polychlorodibenzodioxin and polychlorodibenzofuran in eggs from hens exposed to contaminated wood shavings. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2009;26(2):258-64. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  31. Pliszczynska-Pliszczynaska J, Strucinski P, Mikolajczyk S, Maszewski S, Rachubik J, Pajurek M. Pentachlorophenol from an old henhouse as a dioxin source in eggs and related human exposure. Environ Pollut. 2016;208(Pt B):404-12. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  32. Ghimpet O, Militaru M, Scippo ML. Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in poultry liver related to food safety a review. Food Control. 2014;38:47-53. [Crossref] 
  33. Petreas M, Ruble R, Visita P, Mok M, McKinney M, She J, et al. Bioaccumulation of PCDD/Fs from soil by foraging chickens. Organohalogen Compd. 1996;29:51-3.
  34. Anonymous. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on the Dioxin Contamination of Feedingstuffs and their Contribution to the Contamination of Food of Animal Origin. Brussels: European Commission; 2000. p.105.
  35. Fiedler H, Hutzinger O, Welsch-Pausch K, Schmiedinger A. Evaluation ofthe occurrence of PCDD/PCDF and POPs in wastes and their potential to enter the food chain. Univrsity of Bayreuth, Bayreuth: Final Report; 2000. p.121.
  36. Anonymous. Position paper on dioxins and dioxin-like PCB's. Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CX/FAC 04/36/32). Rome: Thirty-sixth Session Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program; 2004. p.17.
  37. Zabik MJ, Polin D, Underwood M, Wiggers P, Zabik ME. Tissue residues in male chickens fed a 50 ng/kg dietary concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998;61(5):664-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  38. Tlustos E, Pratt I, Moylan R, Neilan R, White S, Fernandes A, et al. Investigation into levels of dioxins, furans and PCB's in battery, free range, barn and organic eggs. Organohalogen Compd. 2004;66:1925-31.
  39. Stephens RD, Petreas MX, Hayward DG. Biotransfer and accumulation of dioxins/furans from soil: chicken as model for foraging animals. Sci Total Environ. 1995;175(3):253-73. [Crossref] 
  40. Anonymous. Assessment of Dietary Intake of Dioxins and Related PCBs by the Population of EU Member States. Report of Experts Participating in Task 3.2.S. Brussels: European Commission; 2000. p.115.
  41. Brandsma EM, Binnendijk GP, De Buisonje FE, Mul MF, Bokma-Bakker MH, Hoogenboom LAP, et al. Factors that can influence the dioxin contents of organic eggs. Praktijkonderzoek; 2004. Lelystad 29.
  42. Roeder RA, Garber MJ, Schelling GT. Assessment of dioxins in foods from animal origins. J Anim Sci. 1998;76(1);142-51. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  43. Don B. Per capita egg consumption by country 1999 and 2000. International Egg Commission; 2000.
  44. Anon. Investigation into levels of dioxins, furans, PCBs and some elements in battery, free-range, barn and organic eggs. Feed and Food; 2004. p.23.
  45. Iben C, Bohm J, Tausch H, Leibetseder J, Luf W. Dioxin residues in the edible tissue of broiler chicken. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2003;87(3-4):142-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  46. Manav GO, Elmas EO, Ermis E. Determination of organochlorinated pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners residues in chicken eggs by gas chromatography. Food Health. 2018;4(4):264-73. [Crossref] 
  47. Olanca B, Cakirogullari GC, Ucar Y, Kirisik D, Kilic D. Polychlorinated dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and indicator PCBs (ind-PCBs) in egg and egg products in Turkey. Chemosphere. 2014;94;13-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  48. Kilic D, Cakirogullari GC, Ucar Y, Theelen R, Traag W. Comparison of PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels in Turkish foodstuffs: industrial versus rural, local versus supermarket products, and assessment of dietary intake. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2011;28(7):913-24. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  49. Aslan S, Kemal Korucu M, Karademir A, Durmusoglu E. Levels of PCDD/Fs in local and non-local food samples collected from a highly polluted area in Turkey. Chemosphere. 2010;80(10):1213-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  50. Ikeda M, Matsushita S, Yamashita J, Ikeya M, Iwasawa T, Tomita T. The transfer of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin into eggs and chicks following exposure to hens. Organohalogen Compd. 2004;66:3305-9.
  51. Schwetz B, Norris JM, Sparschu GL, Rowe VK, Gehring PJ, Emerson JL, et al. Toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ Health Perspect. 1973;5:87-99. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  52. Schuler F, Schmid P, Schlatter C. The transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from soil into eggs of foraging chicken. Chemosphere. 1997;34(4):711-8. [Crossref] 
  53. Hoogenboom RLAP, Ten Dam G, van Bruggen M, Jeurissen SMF, van Leeuwen SPF, Theelen RMC, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and biphenyls (PCBs) in home-produced eggs. Chemosphere. 2016;150:311-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  54. World Health Organization (WHO). Dioxins and their effects on human health. World Health Organisation; 2018. http://www.who .int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dioxins-and-their-effects-on-human-health.
  55. Morita K, Ogata M, Hasegawa T. Chlorophyll derived from Chlorella inhibits dioxin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and accelerates dioxin excretion in rats. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(3):289-94. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  56. Shappell NW, Billey LO, Feil VJ. Effects of clenbuterol on body stores of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) in rats. J Anim Sci. 2002;80(9):2461-75. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  57. Assessment of the Health Risks of Dioxins: Reevaluation of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). Executive Summary of the WHO Consultation, 25-29 May 1998. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 1998. p.28.
  58. Dearfield KL, Edwards SR, O'Keefe MM, Abdelmajid NM, Blanchard AJ, Labarre DD, et al. Dietary estimates of dioxins consumed in U.S. department of agriculture regulated meat and poultry products. J Food Prot. 2013;76(9):1597-607. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  59. Chobtang J, De Boer IJM, Hoogenboom RL, Haasnoot W, Kijlstra A, Meerburg BG. The need and potential of biosensors to detect dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls along the milk, eggs and meat food chain. Sensors (Basel). 2011;11(12):11692-716. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  60. Resmi Gazete (29.12.2011, Sayi: 28157) sayili Gida Kodeksi, Gida Maddelerindeki Bulasanlarin Maksimum Limitleri Hakkinda Yonetmelik; 2011. p.1.

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com