Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: REVIEW
Bağışıklamanın Dışsallığının Sağlık Ekonomisi Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesi
Assessment of the Externality of Immunization from the Health Economics Perspective
Pınar YALÇIN BALÇIKa, Nazan KARTALa
aSağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2019;4(2):219-30
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2018-62134
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Bağışıklama günümüzde, her yıl 2-3 milyon arasında difteri, tetanoz, boğmaca ve kızamık ölümlerini önlemektedir. Bu yönüyle, en başarılı ve maliyet etkili halk sağlığı müdahalelerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bağışıklamanın pek çok faydası bulunmaktadır. Üstelik bu faydalar, hem bağışıklanan kişiye hem de toplumun diğer kesimlerine yansımaktadır. Bu faydalardan birisi bağışıklamanın oluşturduğu dışsallıklardır. Dışsallık, ekonomide olduğu gibi sağlık ekonomisinde de önemli bir kavramdır. Koruyucu sağlık müdahalelerinden biri olarak bağışıklamanın sağladığı katkıların yani dışsallıkların toplum sağlığına ve sağlık ekonomisine katkısı yadsınamaz derecede büyüktür. Bu çalışmada, bağışıklamanın dışsallığına sağlık ekonomisi açısından bir perspektif sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, çalışmada bağışıklama kavramı açıklanmış ve dünya genelinde bağışıklama ile ilgili verilere yer verilmiştir. Bağışıklamanın pozitif dışsallığının yanı sıra negatif dışsallıklarının olduğu vurgulanmış, dışsallık ile yakından ilişki olan bedavacılık sorunu da bağışıklama konusu içinde ele alınmıştır. Ardından, topluma sağlanan dışsallıkların bireysel anlamda içselleştirilmesinin yöntemlerinden biri olan sübvansiyonların bağışıklamada nasıl kullanılabileceğine değinilmiştir. Türkçe literatürde, bağışıklama ve dışsallık kavramlarını bir arada ele alan bir çalışmanın bulunmaması sebebiyle bu çalışmanın literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bağışıklama; aşılama; dışsallık
ABSTRACT
 Immunization now prevents 2-3 million diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles deaths every year. In this regard, it is considered one of the most successful and cost effective public health interventions. Immunization has many benefits. Moreover, these benefits are reflected both in the immunized individual and in other segments of society. One of these benefits is the externalities that immunity creates. Externality is an important concept in the health economy as it is in the economy. As one of the preventive health interventions, the contribution of immunization, that is, the externalities, is inevitably greater than the contribution to public health and the health economy. The aim of this study is to provide a perspective on the externality of immunization in terms of health economics. In this context, the concept of immunization in the study is explained and the immunization related data are given worldwide. In addition to the positive externality of immunization, it was emphasized that there are negative externalities, and the problem of free agency, which is closely related to externality, is also handled in immunization. Later, it was emphasized that negative externality as well as positive externality of immunization. In addition, the issue of free-ridership, which is closely related to externality, has been addressed in the context of immunization. Then, it is mentioned how subsidies, which are one of the methods of internalizing of collectivized externalities, can be used in immunization. It is thought that this study will contribute to the literature because there is no study in Turkish literature that combines the concepts of immunization and externality.

Keywords: Immunization; vaccination; externality
REFERENCES:
  1. Cohen ML. Changing patterns of infectious diseases. Nature. 2000 406(6797):762-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Arvas A. [The importance of vaccination in children]. Klinik Gelişim. 2012;25:1-3.
  3. John TJ, Samuel R. Herd immunity and herd effect: new insights and definitions. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16(7):601-6. [Crossref]
  4. Henderson RH. Vaccination: success and challenges. In: Cutts FT, Smith PG, eds. Vaccination and World Health. 1st ed. Chichester, England: John Wiley; 1995. p.316.
  5. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Freed GL, Gall SA, Grogg SE, Poland GA, et al. Immunization programs for infants, children, adolescents, and adults: clinical practice guidelines by the infections diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(6):817-40. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. Alpay Y, Ağalar C. [Adult immunization]. Flora. 2016;21(3):95-104.
  7. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Actions to strengthen adult and adolescent immunization coverage in the United States: policy principles of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(12):e104-8. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  8. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). How your child care program can support immunization. CDC; 2017. p.37.
  9. Vo NX, Vo TQ, Nguyen HTS, Van Ha T. The economic evaluation in vaccines-a systematic review in Vietnam Situation. Sys Rev Pharm. 2018;9(1):111-2. [Crossref ]
  10. Yamashiro H, Cutcliffe N, Dobson S, Fisman D, Gold R. The role of pediatricians as key stakeholders in influencing immunization policy decisions for the introduction of meningitis B vaccine in Canada: The Ontario perspective. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2015;26(4):183-90. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  11. Shen AK, Spinner JR, Salmon DA, Gellin BG. Strengthening the U.S. vaccine and immunization enterprise: the role of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Public Health Rep. 2011;126(1):4-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  12. The World Bank. World Development Report 1993. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993. p.9. [Crossref ]
  13. Sharma B, Mahajan H, Velhal GD. Immunization coverage: role of sociodemographic variables. Adv Prev Med. 2013;2013:607935. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  14. Nohynek H, Wichmann O, D?Ancona F. National Advisory Groups and their role in immunization policy-making processes in European countries. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(12):1096-105. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  15. Brenzel L, Wolfson LJ, Fox-Rushby J, Miller M, Halsey NA. Vaccine-preventable diseases. Drug/Vaccines/Product Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2006. p.389-412.
  16. Deogaonkar R, Hutubessy R, van der Putten I, Evers S, Jit M. Systematic review of studies evaluating the broader economic impact of vaccination in low and middle income countries. BMC Public Health. 2018;12(1):878. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  17. World Health Organization (WHO). Weekly epidemiologica record Relevé épidémiologiwue hebdomadaire. WHO 2013;88:413-28. Access: 27.09.2018. [Link ]
  18. Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Cafiero ET, O?Brien JC. Valuing the broader benefits of dengue vaccination, with a preliminary application to Brazil. Semin Immunol. 2013;25(2):104-13. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  19. Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Canning D, Friedman A, Levine OS, O?Brien J, et al. Rethinking the benefits and costs of childhood vaccination: the example of the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. Vaccine. 2011;29(13): 2371-80. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  20. Diekema DS. Responding to parental refusals of immunization of children. Pediatrics. 2005;115(5):1428-31. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  21. UNICEF. Communication handbook for polio eradication and routine EPI. 1st ed. New York: UNICEF and WHO; 2000. p.97.
  22. UNICEF/WHO, 2017. 1 in 10 infants worldwide did not receive any vaccinations in 2016. Access:09.06.2018. [Link ]
  23. WHO (2018). Immunization. Access: 11.06. 2018. [Link ]
  24. Jit M, Mibei W. Discounting in the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a vaccination programme: a critical review. Vaccine. 2015;33(32):3788-94. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  25. Rat-Aspert O, Fourichon C. Modelling collective effectiveness of voluntary vaccination with and without incentives. Prev Vet Med. 2010;93(4):265-75. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  26. Carande-Kulis VG, Getzen TE, Thacker SB. Public goods and externalities: a research agenda for public health economics. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2007;13(2):227-32. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  27. Bakırtaş İ. [The effectiveness of regulatory taxes and subsidies in the internalization of the problem of externalities: an analytical approach]. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2015;7:1-19.
  28. Kremer M, Snyder CM, Williams H. Which diseases generate the largest epidemiological externalities? In Communication at the AEA 2009 Annual Meeting; 2008.
  29. Althouse BM, Bergstrom TC, Bergstrom CT. Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: a public choice framework for controlling transmissible and evolving diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107 Suppl 1:1696-701.
  30. Kim SY, Goldie SJ. Cost-effectiveness analyses of vaccination programmes: a focused review of modelling approaches. Pharmacoeconomics. 2008;26(3):191-215. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Child vaccination rates (indicator). Doi: 10.1787/b23c7d13-en. Access 10.06.2018. [Crossref ]
  32. Chen F, Toxvaerd F. The economics of vaccination. J Theor Biol. 2014;363:105-17. [Cross ref] [PubMed]
  33. Shim E, Chapman GB, Townsend JP, Galvani AP. The influence of altruism on influenza vaccination decisions. J R Soc Interface. 2012;9(74):2234-43. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  34. Fisman DN, Laupland KB. The sounds of silence: public goods, externalities, and the value of infectious disease control programs. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2009;20(2):39-41. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  35. Talamàs E, Vohra R. Go big or go home: a free and perfectly safe but only partially effective vaccine can make everyone worse off. PIER Working Paper No. 18-006. 2018;20. [Crossref]
  36. Ozawa S, Portnoy A, Getaneh H, Clark S, Knoll M, Bishai D, et al. Modeling the economic burden of adult vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(11):2124-32. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  37. Shi X. Information disclosure and vaccination externalities. Int J Econ Theory. 2013;9(3): 229-43. [Crossref ]
  38. Couzin-Frankel J. What role for antiviral drugs?. Science. 2009; 324(5928):705. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  39. Shi Y. Epidemic outbreak and information disclosure. Mimeo; University of North Carolina; 2007.
  40. World Health Organization (WHO). Current WHO phase of pandemic alert for pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Access: 27.09.2018. [Link ]
  41. Chen F. Voluntary vaccinations and vaccine shortages: a theoretical analysis. J Theor Biol. 2018;446:19-32. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  42. Buttenheim AM, Asch DA. Making vaccine refusal less of a free ride. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(12):2674-5. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  43. Bauch CT, Earn DJ. Vaccination and the theory of games. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(36):13391-4. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  44. Hershey JC, Asch DA, Thumasathit T, Meszaros J, Waters VV. The roles of altruism, free riding, and bandwagoning in vaccination decisions. Organ Behav Hum. 1994;59:177-87. [Crossref ]
  45. Hornik R, Jacobsohn L, Orwin R, Piesse A, Kalton G. Effects of the national youth antidrug media campaign on youths. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(12):2229-36. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  46. Akalın G. Kamu Ekonomisi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları; 2000.
  47. Bailey SJ. Public Sector Economics: Theory, Policy and Practice. 1st ed. Chatham: Mackays of Chatham PLc; 1995. p.406. [Crossref ]
  48. Köktaş AM. Sağlık Ekonomisi. Ankara: 657 Yayınevi; 2014.
  49. Nath S. A Perspective of Welfare Economics. 1st ed. London: Macmillan; 1973. p.66. [Crossref ]

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com