Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences

.: REVIEW
Afet ve Acil Durumlarda Emzirmenin Sürdürülmesi: Geleneksel Derleme
Sustaining Breastfeeding in Disaster and Emergency Situations: Traditional Review
Emine GERÇEK ÖTERa, Dicle Filiz YILDIRIMb, Edanur DEMİRb
aAydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi, Doğum-Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği ABD, Aydın, TÜRKİYE
bAydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doğum-Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği ABD, Aydın, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2021;13(2):412-7
doi: 10.5336/nurses.2020-78685
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Afet ve acil durumların, hem dünyada hem de ülkemizde ortaya çıkma oranı giderek artmaktadır. Afet ve acil durumlar sırasında toplum, fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal yönden derinden etkilenmektedir. Ancak herhangi bir afet veya acil durumda en fazla risk altında olan ve etkilenenler kadınlar, çocuklar ve bebeklerdir. Çünkü bu grupların, uygun tıbbi tedaviye erişimleri zor olduğu kadar sağlıklı bir alanın oluşturulması da zorlaşmaktadır. Afet ve acil durumlarda birçok su kaynağı kontamine olmakta, temiz besine ulaşım zorlaşmakta ve insanlar üzerinde olumsuz psikolojik etkiler oluşmaktadır. Bu koşullarda emziren kadınların emzirmeyi sürdürmesi de kolay olmamaktadır. Zorlu koşullarla birlikte afet ve acil durumlarda birçok yardım kuruluşu tarafından emzik ve mama bağışı yapılmaktadır. Bağışlanan emzik ve mamalar, emzirmeyi sekteye uğratmakta ya da emzirme tamamen bırakılmaktadır. Bu durum da emzirme oranlarının düşmesine neden olmaktadır. Bebeklerin anne sütünden mahrum kalması, mortalite ve morbidite başta olmak üzere birçok olası riski de artırmaktadır. Ayrıca emzirmenin, kadınlar için sağladığı avantajlardan da yararlanılamamakta ve kadın sağlığı da olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle afet ve acil durumlarda emzirme, çok önemli bir noktada yer almaktadır. Sosyal çevre ve sağlık profesyonellerinden biri olan hemşire, kadına destek olmalı ve zor koşullarda dahi emzirmenin sürdürülmesine yardımcı olmalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, afet ve acil durumlarda emzirmenin sürdürülmesine yönelik var olan literatürü incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Emzirme; afetler; bebek maması; kadın sağlığı; hemşirenin rolü
ABSTRACT
 The rate which natural disasters and emergencies occur is gradually increasing both in our country and in the World. During these situations, the society is affected, physically, psychologically and socially. Accessing necessary medical treatments is challenging for women, children, and babies, and providing them a healthy environment gets more difficult. Thus, in such cases, this group is at higher risk and they are more affected. During natural disasters and emergencies, many resources of fresh water become contaminated, accessing healthy food become harder and people are psychologically affected. Under such conditions, it is not easy for women to continue breastfeeding. During these hard conditions, many relief organizations compensate pacifiers and baby food. Breast feeding is disrupted by this, or it is completely abandoned. This results in a decrease in the breast feeding rates. Many possible risks, particularly mortality and morbidity, increase for babies that go without breast milk. Also, women can no longer gain the advantages that come with the breast feeding. Thus, women's health is also negatively affected. Therefore, during natural disasters and emergencies, breast feeding is crucial. The social surroundings should support the mother and help continue the breast feeding even in such challenging conditions. The aim of this study is to inspect the existing literature regarding the support of breast feeding.

Keywords: Breastfeeding; disasters; infant formula; women's health; nurse's role
REFERENCES:
  1. Erkal T, Değerliyurt M. [Disasters management of Turkey]. Eastern Geographical Review. 2009;22:147-164.
  2. World Health Organization (WHO). Guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. Updates for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). Geneva: WHO;2017.
  3. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). Disaster year in review 2019. CRED;2019.
  4. Jakobsen M, Sodemann M, Nylen G, Bale C, Nielsen J, Lisse I, et al. Breastfeeding status as a predictor of mortality among refugee children in an emergency situation in Guinea-Bissau. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2003;8(11):992-996. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  5. Gribble K, Peterson M, Brown D. Emergency preparedness for infant and young child feeding in emergencies (IYCF-E): an Australian audit of emergency plans and guidance. BMC Public Health. 2019. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  6. World Health Organization (WHO). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feding practices. Geneva: WHO Press;2018.
  7. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA). Ankara: TNSA;2018.
  8. Karabulut D, Bekler T. [Effects of natural disasters on children and adolescents]. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi. 2019;5(2):368-376.
  9. Kyozuka H, Yasuda S, Kawamura M, Nomura Y, Fujimori K, Goto A, et al. Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on feeding methods and newborn growth at 1 month postpartum: results from the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2016;55:139-146. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  10. Topal S, Çınar N, Altınkaynak S. [The benefits of breastfeeding for mother health]. Journal of Human Rhythm. 2017;3(1):25-31.
  11. Glynn LM, Wadhwa PD, Dunkel-Schetter C, Chicz-Demet A, Sandman CA. When stress happens matters: effects of earthquake timing on stress responsivity in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184: 637-642. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  12. Liu S, Han J, Xiao D, Ma C, Chen B. A report on the reproductive health of women after the massive 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2010;108: 161-164. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  13. Neuberg M, Pawlosek W, Lopuszanski M, Neuberg J. The analysis of the course of pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum among women touched by the flood disaster in Kotlin Klodzki in July 1997. Ginekol Pol. 1998;69: 866-870.
  14. Harville EW, Xiong X, Buekens P. Hurricane Katrina and perinatal health. Birth. 2009;36: 325-331. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  15. Sloand E, Kıllıon C, Yarandı H, Sharps P, Lewıs-O'Connor A, Hassan M, et al. Experiences of violence and abuse among internally displaced adolescent girls following a natural disaster. HHS Public Access. 2017;73(12):3200-3208. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  16. Nour NN. Maternal health considerations during disaster relief. Revıews In Obstetrıcs & Gynecology. 2011;4(1):22-27.
  17. Panzetta S, Shawe J. Lactational amenorrhoea method: the evidence is there, why aren't we using it. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2013;39:136-138. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  18. Gribble KD, McGrath M, MacLaine A, Lhotska L. Supporting breastfeeding in emergencies: protecting women's reproductive rights and maternal and infant health. Disasters. 2011;35(4):720−738. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  19. Erdem Ö, Bucaktepe GE. [The prevalence and screening methods of postpartum depression]. Dicle Medical Journal. 2012;39(3):458-461. [Crossref] 
  20. Del Ciampo LA, Del Ciampo IRL. Breastfeeding and the benefits of lactation for women's health. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2018;40(6):354-359. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  21. Balbierz A, Bodnar-Deren S, Wang JJ, Howell EA. Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Parenting Practices 3- Months Postpartum. Maternal Child J. 2015;19(6):1212-1215. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  22. Silva CS, Lima MC, Sequeira-de Androde LAS, Oliveira JS, Monteiro JS, Lima NMS, Santos RMAB, Lira PIC. Association between postpartum depression and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the first three months of life. Journal de Pedatria. 2017;93(4):356-364. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  23. Fryer K, Santos HP, Pedersen C, Stuebe AM. The hispanic paradox: socioeconomic factors and race/ethnicity in breastfeeding outcomes. Breastfeeding Medicine 2018;13(3):174-180. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  24. Balogun OO, O'Sullivan EJ, McFadden A, Ota E, Gavine A, Garner CD, et al. Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2016;11:CD001688. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  25. Toma TS, Rea MF. Benefits of breastfeeding for maternal and child health: an essay on the scientific evidence. Cadernos De Saúde Pública. 2008;2:235-246. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  26. Krol KM, Grossmann T. Psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and mothers. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2018;61:977-985. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  27. Sulaiman Z, Mohamad N, Tengku Ismail TA, Johari N, Nik Hussain NH. Infant feding concerns in times of natural disaster: lessons learned from the 2014 flood in Kelantan, Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2016;25(3):625-630.
  28. Westerfield KL, Koenig K, Oh R. Breastfeeding: common questions and answers. American Family Physician. 2018;98(6):368-373.
  29. World Health Organization (WHO). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. New York:WHO;2019.
  30. Samur G. [Breast milk and breastfeeding: breast milk]. Anne Sütü. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Klasmat Matbaacılık, 2008. p. 7-12.
  31. Hipgrave DB, Assefa F, Winoto A, Sukotjo S. Donated breast milk substitutes and incidence of diarrhoea among infants and young children after the May 2006 earthquake in Yogyakarta and Central Java. Public Health Nutrition. 2011;15(2):307-315. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  32. Datar A, Liu J, Linnemayr S, Stecher C. The impact of natural disasters on child health and investments in rural India. Social Science & Medicine. 2013;76(1):83-91. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  33. MirMohamadalile M, Jazani RK, Sohrabizadeh S, Nasrabadi AN. Barriers to breastfeeding in disasters in the context of Iran. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2019;34(1):20-24. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  34. DeYoung S, Suji M, Southall HG. Maternal perceptions of ınfant feding and health in the context of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake. Journal of Human Lactation. 2018;34(2):242-252. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  35. Nishihara M, Nakamura Y, Fuchimukai T, Ohnishi M. Factors associated with social support in child-rearing among mothers in post-disaster communities. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 2018;23(58). [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  36. Ishii K, Goto A, Ota M, Yasumura S, Abe M, Fujimori K. Factors associated with ınfant feeding methods after the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima: data from the pregnancy and birth survey for the fiscal year 2011 Fukushima Health Management Survey. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2016;20:1704-1712. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  37. Talley LE, Boyd E. Challenges to the programmatic implementation of ready to use ınfant formula in the post-earthquake response, Haiti, 2010: a program review. Plos One. 2013;8(12): e84043. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  38. Fadjriah RN, Herman, Vidyanto, Putri DS, Bohari. The behavior of exclusive breastfeeding after earthquake and liquefaction in Palu City. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. 2020;29(5):805-808.
  39. Kalanlar B, Kubilay G. [An ımportant concept of protecting public health in disaster situations: disaster nursing]. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi. 2015;23(1):57-65. [Crossref] 
  40. Brown CRL, Dodds L, Legge A, Bryanton J, Semenic S. Factors influencing the reasons why mothers stop breastfeeding. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2014;105(3):e179-e185. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  41. United Nations System Standing Committe on Nutrition (UNSCN). Infant Feeding in Emergencies: Policy, Strategy and Practice, May 1999.

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com