Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences

3 Boyutlu Baskı Yöntemleri ile Mikroiğne Hazırlama: Geleneksel Derleme
Preparation of Microneedles with 3D-Printing Methods: Traditional Review
Haticenur NEGİZa , Sibel İLBASMIŞ TAMERa
aGazi Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmasötik Teknoloji AD, Ankara, Türkiye
J Lit Pharm Sci. 2024;13(3):151-64
doi: 10.5336/pharmsci.2024-102966
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Transdermal ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler (TTS) deri yoluyla terapötik ajanların vücuda verilmesini sağlayan ve invaziv olmayan bir ilaç uygulama yoludur. Deri içten dışa doğru hipodermis, dermis, epidermis olmak üzere 3 tabakadan oluşmaktadır. Epidermisin en üst tabakası olan stratum korneum deriye nüfuz edecek ilaçlar da dâhil birçok yabancı madde için bariyer görevi üstlenmektedir. Bu nedenle deriden ilaç geçişini artırmak için çeşitli stratejiler geliştirilmiştir. Mikroiğneler, deriden ilaç geçişini fiziksel olarak artıran, küçük bir yama üzerine dizilmiş mikron büyüklüğündeki, sayıları birkaç ile birkaç yüz arasında değişen sıralı iğnelerden oluşan sistemlerdir. Biyolojik bariyerleri minimal invaziv ve ağrısız bir şekilde geçerler. TTS olarak kullanılmaları ile derinin bariyer işlevi nedeniyle deriden geçişi kısıtlı olan etkin maddelerin bu yolla verilmesi mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle mikroiğneler, transdermal ilaç uygulaması için umut vaat etmektedir. Mikroiğneler ilaç verme özelliklerine göre katı, içi boş, kaplanmış, çözünebilen ve hidrojel oluşturan mikroiğneler olarak 5'e ayrılmaktadır. Bu derleme kapsamında mikroiğne çeşitleri, üretim yöntemleri, 3D baskı yöntemi ile mikroiğne hazırlanması, mikroiğne üretimi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalara örnekler ve mikroiğnelerde yapılan karakterizasyonlar ele alınmıştır. Mikroiğnelerin üretimi küçük yapıları nedeniyle zor olabilmektedir. 3D baskı yönteminin farmasötik alanda kullanımının artmasıyla hızlı, kişiselleştirilmiş, kolay ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde mikroiğne üretimi de mümkün olabilmektedir. Yine derleme kapsamında mikroiğne üretimine imkân veren 3D baskı yöntemleri karşılaştırarak incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Transdermal ilaç taşıyıcı sistem; mikroiğne; mikroiğne üretimi için 3D baskı yöntemi
ABSTRACT
 Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDS) are a noninvasive way of delivering therapeutic agents through the skin. The skin consists of 3 layers: hypodermis, dermis and epidermis from inside to outside. The stratum corneum, the upper layer of the epidermis, acts as a barrier for many foreign substances, including drugs that will penetrate the skin. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to increase drug passage through the skin. Microneedles are systems consisting of micron-sized needles, ranging in number from a few to several hundred, arranged on a small patch, which physically increase drug passage through the skin. They pass through biological barriers minimally invasively and painlessly. With their use as a transdermal drug delivery system, it is possible to deliver active ingredients whose passage through the skin is limited due to the barrier function of the skin. For this reason, microneedles are promising for transdermal drug delivery. Microneedles are divided into 5 types as solid, hollow, coated, soluble and hydrogel forming microneedles according to their drug delivery properties. Within the scope of this review, microneedle types, production methods, microneedle preparation with 3D printing method, examples of microneedle production studies and characterizations of microneedles are discussed. The production of microneedles can be difficult due to their small structures. With the increasing use of 3D printing method in the pharmaceutical field, it is possible to produce microneedles in a fast, personalized, easy and sustainable way. Again, within the scope of the review, 3D printing methods that enable microneedle production were analyzed and compared.

Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery; microneedle; 3D printing method for microneedle production
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5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com