Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

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1919 Yılında Batı Anadolu'da Yaşanan İşkence ve Diğer Zalimane, İnsanlık Dışı, Aşağılayıcı Muamele veya Cezalar Bağlamında Hekimin Sorumluluğu
The Responsibility of Physician in the Context of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, Degrading Treatment, or Punishment in Western Anatolia in 1919
Mesut GÜVENBAŞa,b
aTıp Tarihi ve Etik AD, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Eskişehir, TÜRKİYE
bGenelkurmay ATASE Daire Başkanlığı, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2019;27(2):103-15
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2019-65307
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 İşkence, insanlık onuru ve değerinin ayaklar altına alındığı, insanlık namına en utanç verici eylemlerden biridir. Hekim, işkencenin ilk tanıklarından olup, mesleki ve etik bilincinin yanında vicdanını da katarak bu konudaki görevini yerine getirmesi gerekmektedir. Kurtuluş Savaşı sırasında İzmir ve çevresinde yaşayanların görmüş olduğu insanlık dışı muamele ve hekimlerin sorumluluğunu yerine getirerek tutmuş oldukları raporlar, bu çalışmada insan hakları bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Arşivi'nden tespit edilen belgeler çalışmanın temel verilerini oluşturmaktadır. Osmanlı Türkçesi ile tutulan 1919 yılına ait hekim raporları, günümüz Türkçesine aktarılmış ve nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak raporların içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Belgelerin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi açısından yaşanan tarihî olaylara da değinilmiş, konunun uluslararası yansımaları aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Belgeler, 100 yıl önce meydana gelen insanlığa karşı işlenen suçlarda hekimlerin sorumluluklarını yerine getirdiklerini gösterirken, işkenceyi belgelemenin neden önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. İşkence ve insanlık dışı muameleye ait tarihî raporlara bakıldığında, hekimin insanlık dışı muameleye ilişkin sorumluluğunun tarih boyunca değişmediği görülmüştür. Olayın geçtiği dönemde işkenceye karşı yazılı normlar olmamasına karşın, hekimin vicdanının sesini dinleyerek sorumluluğunu yerine getirdiği görülmektedir. Görevini yerine getiren hekimlerin günümüz adli tıp raporu örneklerine benzer nitelikte kayıtlar tuttuğu görülmüştür. Doğru şekilde desteklenen bağımsız sağlık profesyonelleri, işkencenin tespitinde ve önlenmesinde önemli rol oynayabilir. Hekimin birincil yükümlülüğü mesleki görevidir. Mesleki görevini yürütürken hekimin en başta gelen yol göstericisi vicdanıdır. Hekim, her türlü işkence ve diğer zalimane, insanlık dışı, aşağılayıcı muamele veya cezaların etkili bir biçimde soruşturulması ve belgelendirilmesinde kendisine düşen görevi yerine getirebilmelidir. Bu işi yaparken daima özgür bir kişilik olarak hareket edebilmeli, meslek etiğinin kendisine yüklediği sorumluluğu unutmamalıdır. İşkencenin, insanlık onuru ve değerinin ayaklar altına alındığı, insanlık namına en utanç verici bir eylem olduğu, sağlık profesyonelinin hatır ve vicdanından çıkmamalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: İşkence; hekim sorumluluğu; insan hakları ihlalleri; savaş etiği
ABSTRACT
 Torture is one of the most mortifying practices committed in the name of humanity where human dignity and value are desecrated. Physicians are the first witnesses of torture and have to perform their duties by employing their discernment along with their professional and ethical conscience to their work. This study aims at scrutinizing the reports of the physicians who fulfilled their responsibilities in and around Izmir during the Turkish War of National Independence within the context of human rights. The documents discovered at the Department of Military History and Strategic Survey Archive forms the basis of this study. Physician reports of 1919, written in Ottoman Turkish, have been transliterated into modern Turkish and content analysis is made by employing qualitative research method. In order to render the understanding of the reports better, historical events and international documents against non-human crimes have also been referred to so as to bring the international reverberations on the subject to the fore. Documents not only prove that the physicians undertook their responsibilities in the crimes committed against humanity a century ago duly, but also reveal the significance of as to why recording of the tortures are of prime importance. Considering the historical reports of torture and inhumane treatment, it is concluded that the responsibility of the physician for such treatments have not changed. Although there were no written norms for reporting torture at the time of the incident, it is observed that the physicians fulfilled their responsibility by listening to their inner voice. It is also observed that physicians, while performing their duties, kept records in a very similar fashion to current forensic reports.Duly supported independent medical professionals may play a crucial role in detecting and prevention of torture. The primary responsibility of a physician is his/her Professional career. Conscience is the only guide of a physician in executing his/her professional duty. A physician ought to be able to fulfill his/her responsibility in investigating and documenting the cruel, inhuman, derogatory conduct, as well as the penalties given to the end. In performing his/her duty a physician should act as a free individual and always be conscious of the responsibilities as dictated by professional ethics. Medical professionals ought not to forget that torture is a crime whereby human dignity and honor are trampled upon, and is the most demeaning exploitation of the human kind whatsoever.

Keywords: Torture; physician responsibility; violation of human rights; war ethics
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