Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

.: REVIEW
Ölümün Eşiğindeki İkilemler: Ötanazi, Yardımlı İntihar ve Psikiyatri
Dilemmas at the Edge of Death: Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide and Psychiatry
Burak OKUMUŞa
aUşak Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Psikiyatri Kliniği, Uşak, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics.
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2023-99654
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Günümüzde ölümler tipik olarak kademeli fiziksel ve işlevsel bir düşüş döneminden sonra ileri bir yaşta meydana gelmektedir. Bu durum yaşamın son aşamasındaki hastalara yönelik yüksek kaliteli bakımı, XXI. yüzyılın sağlık hizmetlerinin temel zorluklarından birisi hâline getirmektedir. Biyomedikal araştırmalardaki ilerlemeler ve biyoetikte yeni disiplinlerin kurulması yaşam sonu bakımı, ötanazi ve hekim yardımlı intihar konusunda güncel tartışmaları beraberinde getirmektedir. Geçmişten günümüze gelen tartışmalar hâlâ güncelliğini korurken, ötanazi ve hekim yardımlı intihar dünya çapında giderek daha fazla yasallaşmaktadır. Bu tür düzenlemelerin temel amaçları; uygulamaları netliğe kavuşturmak, hekimlere yasal zemini açık bir şekilde sunmak ve hastaları korumaktır. Buna rağmen ölümde tıbbi yardım konusu, paradoksik unsurlar içeren çok boyutlu ciddi tartışmaları gündeme getirerek kamunun dikkatini çekmektedir. Bu uygulamaların evrimi ile ilgili tarihsel yönlerin ve ilgili literatürün araştırılması geçmişten günümüze gelen tartışmaları aydınlatabilir. Bu terimlerin evrimi ve olgularla biçimlenen yasal düzenlemeler, multidisipliner bir yaklaşımın gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Metinde uygulamaların lehindeki ve aleyhindeki yaygın argümanlar literatür verileri ışığında sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca ölümde tıbbi yardım konusunu adli boyutları ve uygulanma biçimleriyle karşılaştırmak klinisyenlere farklı görüşler sunabilir. Derleme ötanazi ve hekim yardımlı intihar uygulamaları sürecinde yer alan ve genellikle ihmal edilen hekimin profesyonel yükümlülükleriyle çelişen gerilimini ortaya koymaktadır. Gözden geçirme, ötanazi ve hekim yardımlı intihar talebinde bulunan hastaların değerlendirilmesinde rol alan psikiyatristlerin ikilem içeren görüşlerinin tartışılmasıyla sona ermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ötanazi; yardımlı intihar; psikiyatri; ikilem
ABSTRACT
Death today usually occurs at an advanced age after a gradual physical and functional decline. As a result, the provision of high quality care to patients in the final stages of life is one of the major challenges facing healthcare in the 21st century. Advances in biomedical research and the emergence of new bioethical disciplines have fuelled ongoing debates about end-of-life care, euthanasia and assisted suicide. While the debates of the past remain relevant, euthanasia and assisted suicide are increasingly being legalised around the world. The main aims of such legislation are to clarify practice, to provide clear legal bases for doctors and to protect patients. However, medical assistance in dying attracts public attention by raising serious multidimensional discussions with paradoxical elements. A study of the historical aspects of these practices and the relevant literature can shed light on the debates from the past to the present. The evolution of these notions and the legal regulations shaped by the evidence emphasise the need for a multidisciplinary approach. The text presents common arguments for and against the practices in the context of the literature. In addition, a comparison of the issue of medical assistance in dying with its legal dimensions and application can provide different perspectives for health professionals. The review highlights the often overlooked conflict that physicians face regarding their professional obligations when involved in practices such as euthanasia and assisted suicide. The review concludes with a discussion of the uncertain position of psychiatrists responsible for assessing patients who request euthanasia and assisted suicide.

Keywords: Euthanasia; assisted suicide; psychiatry; dilemma

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