Deri; tüm mekanik hasarlara, fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik ajanlara karşı vücudun koruyucu kalkanı olup, insan vücudunda termoregülasyon ve sıvı elektrolit dengesinin korunması da dâhil birçok hayati işlevin sürdürülmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. İnsan derisinin koruyucu özelliği oldukça yüksektir. Yanıklar, diyabetik ayak ülserleri, travmalara bağlı yaralanmalar ya da doğuştan gelen deride hasar ve nekrozlara sebep olan anomaliler, sonradan oluşan patolojiler deri bütünlüğünün bozulmasına yol açarak bu önemli fonksiyonların ve vücudun ilk savunma hattının sekteye uğramasına neden olabilirler. Sağlıklı deri, bazal membranda bulunan rejenerasyon yeteneğine sahiptir ve proliferatif kök hücreler aracılığıyla epidermis hasarını yenileme yeteneğine sahiptir. Ancak daha derin yaralanmalarda bu yenilenme gerçekleşemez. Derinin, doğal işlevini ve yapısını sürdürebilmesi için derinin bütünlüğünün sağlanması gereklidir ve bu amaçla günümüzde çok çeşitli deri ikameleri geliştirilmektedir. Doku mühendisliğindeki gelişmelerle, birçok doku modellemesi yapılmakta, çeşitli ilaç ve ksenobiyotiklerin dermal toksisitelerinin belirlenmesinde bu modeller kullanmaktadır. Bu sayede in vivo testlerde kullanılacak deney hayvanları sayısının azalması da mümkün olmaktadır. Ayrıca bu doku modelleri sayesinde deride etnik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi, deri hassasiyeti, alerjik reaksiyonlar, deri kanserleri, yaşlanma, deri mikrobiyotasının incelenmesi gibi pek çok konuda araştırmalar yapılabilmektedir. Bu derlemede, eski ve yeni doku modelleri, bu doku modellerinin avantajları, dezavantajları, deri ikameleri, kullanım alanları ve olası istenmeyen etkileri hakkında bilgi vermek amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Deri doku modelleri; deri ikameleri; deri greftleri
The skin is the body's protective shield against mechanical injuries, physical chemical, and biological agents; plays an important role in maintenance many vital functions in the human body, including thermoregulation and fluid-electrolyte balance. Protective characteristics of human skin are very high. Different factors such as burns, diabetic foot ulcers, traumatic injuries or congenital anomalies causing skin damage/necrosis or secondary pathologies may cause disruption of skin integrity and interruption of these important functions and the body's first line of defense. Healthy skin has ability to regenerate epidermis damage through proliferative stem cells and it has regeneration ability located in basal membrane. However, this regeneration cannot occur in deeper injuries. For maintaining its natural function and structure, it is necessary to provide integrity of the skin. For this purpose, wide variety of skin substitutes are currently being developed. With advances in tissue engineering, many tissuemodeling studies are performed and these models are used to determine dermal toxicities of various drugs/xenobiotics. In this way, it is possible to reduce number of experimental animals for in vivo tests. In addition, thanks to these tissue models, several research can be carried out on many subjects such as evaluation of ethnic characteristics of skin, skin sensitivity, allergic reactions, skin cancers, aging, and examination of skin microbiota. In this review, we aim to give information about old and new tissue models, advantages and disadvantages of tissue models, skin substitutes, their utilization, and possible unwanted effects.
Keywords: Skin tissue models; skin substitutes; skin grafts
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