Bitkiler, çok eski dönemlerden beri hastalıkların önlenmesinde ve tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bitkisel ürün kullanımı, ilaca bağlı karaciğer hasarının en yaygın nedenlerinden biri olarak görülmektedir. Retrospektif çalışmalarda bazı bitkilerin ve bitkisel preparatların kullanımı, karaciğer hasarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu derlemede, 1976 yılından itibaren bitkisel ürün kullanımı sonucu geliştiği belirtilen 60 hepatotoksisite olgusu, hasta öyküleri, muayene, laboratuvar ve varsa biyopsi bulguları incelenmiştir. Bu vakalarda yaygın olarak kullanılmış olduğu belirlenen Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Atractylis gummifera Salzm.ex L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Chelidonium majus L., Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., Mentha pulegium L. ve Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers., Piper methysticum G.Forst., Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., Valeriana officinalis L.'nin, pirolizidin alkaloitleri içeren bitkilerle Teucrium L. türlerinin hepatotoksisiteden sorumlu bileşenleri, hepatotoksisite oluşturma mekanizmaları ve mevcut tedavi yaklaşımları derlenmiştir. Bitkilerin genelinin hepatotoksisite oluşturma mekanizması belirsiz olmakla birlikte, patogenezi çoğunlukla idiyosenkratik tip reaksiyonlar oluşturmaktadır. Bitkilere bağlı karaciğer hasarının tanısında, altın bir standart bulunmamakta ve dışlama kriterleri esas alınmaktadır. Karaciğer hasarının tipinin belirlenmesinde R değeri hesaplanmaktadır ve bitkilerin çoğunlukla hepatoselüler hasar olmak üzere kolestatik ve miks tipte hasar oluşturabilecekleri bildirilmiştir. Teşhis için çeşitli skorlama sistemleri geliştirilmiştir ve en yaygın kullanılanı Roussel Uclaf Nedensellik Değerlendirme skorlamasıdır. Vakaların çoğunda, bitkisel ürünün geri çekilmesinden sonra karaciğer testlerinde iyileşmeler gözlemlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte birçok vakanın sonucunda organ yetersizliği ve ölüm görülmesi, hepatotoksisite ile ilişkilendirilen bitkiler arasında A. gummifera, pennyroyal yağı gibi şiddetli hasara neden olan ürünlerle halk arasında yaygın olarak tüketilen C. sinensis ve Teucrium sp. gibi bitkilerin bulunması dikkat çekicidir. Bitkisel ürün kullanımıyla ilişkili hepatotoksisite riskinin azaltılabilmesi için ürün kalitesi ve denetiminin sağlanması ve ürünlerin konuyla ilgili eğitim almış sağlık personeli danışmanlığında kullanılmaları gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İlaca bağlı karaciğer hasarı; bitkisel ürün; akut hepatit
Plants have been used in the prevention and treatment of diseases since ancient times. Herbal product use is one of the common causes of drug-induced-liver-injury. In retrospective studies the use of some herbs and herbal preparations has been associated with liver damage. In this review, 60 hepatotoxicity cases, reported as a result of the use of herbal products since 1976, were examined as well as anamnesis, examination, laboratory and biopsy findings. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Atractylis gummifera Salzm.exL., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Chelidonium majus L., Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., Mentha pulegium L. and Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers., Piper methysticum G.Forst., Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., Valeriana officinalis L., pyrolysidine alkaloid plants, Teucrium L. species' components responsible for hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity mechanisms and current treatment approaches are compiled. Although the mechanism of general hepatotoxicity is uncertain, pathogenesis is mostly create of idiosyncratic type reactions. There isn't a gold standard in diagnosis and is based on exclusion criteria. The R value is calculated to determine the type of liver damage, and it has been reported that plants can cause cholestatic and mixed type damage, mostly hepatocellular damage. Various scoring systems have been developed for diagnosis and the most commonly used is Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method scoring. Improvements in liver tests were observed in most cases after withdrawal of herbal product. It is noteworthy that organ failure and death are observed as a result of many cases and finding plants that cause severe damage such as A. gummifera, Pennyroyal oil, and widely consumed by public such as C.sinensis and Teucrium sp. To reduce the risk of hepatotoxicity, product quality and control should be ensured and the products should be used under supervision of health personnel.
Keywords: Drug induced liver injury; herbal product; acute hepatitis
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