Development of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias is often associated with an increase in the dispersion of ventricular repolarization (DOR), which can be detected by electrocardiographic (ECG) methods. For several decades, there was an active search for ECG markers reflecting the magnitude of DOR and the associated arrhythmic risk. The interval from the peak to the end of the T-wave (Tpe) was found to be the most accurate measure of DOR and a reliable marker of arrhythmic risk in various cardiac disorders. In addition to Tpe interval itself, its derivatives-Tpe dispersion and Tpe/QT ratiowere proposed as arrhythmic risk markers. In this review, several aspects regarding Tpe and its derivatives are discussed: (1) physiological rationale for relationship to DOR and arrhythmic risk, (2) clinical significance for predicting ventricular arrhythmias, and (3) clinical limitations. Based on the experimental, clinical and simulation studies, the review demonstrates that Tpe, dTpe and Tpe/QT ratio are informative concerning both the global and the local DOR. They are significant predictors of arrhythmias associated with increased DOR, and the overall mortality. Besides, Tpe magnitude showed itself as a simple, non-invasive, inexpensive and quick indirect assessment of hemodynamic and volumetric ventricular parameters, the extent and severity of coronary artery stenosis, therapy response and the expected hospital stay. However, the lack of consensus in measurements led to large variations of cut-off values reported by different researchers. The inclusion of Tpe in routine ECG analysis requires further research based on the more unified measurements, including machine learning and artificial intelligence tools.
Keywords: Repolarization dispersion; arrhythmic risk; Tpeak-Tend interval; Tpeak-Tend dispersion; Tpeak-Tend/QT ratio
Hayatı tehdit eden ventriküler aritmilerin gelişimi, genellikle elektrokardiyografik (EKG) yöntemlerle tespit edilebilen ventriküler repolarizasyon dispersiyonundaki [dispersion of ventricular repolarization (DOR)] bir artışla ilişkilidir. Onlarca yıl boyunca, DOR'un büyüklüğünü ve ilgili aritmik riski yansıtan EKG belirteçleri için aktif bir araştırma yapılmıştır. T-dalga zirvesinden sonuna kadar olan aralık (Tpe), DOR'un en doğru ölçüsü ve çeşitli kardiyak bozukluklarda güvenilir bir aritmik risk belirteci olarak bulunmuştur. Tpe aralığının kendisine ek olarak, türevleri - Tpe dispersiyonu ve Tpe/QT oranıaritmik risk belirteçleri olarak önerilmiştir. Bu derlemede, Tpe ve türevlerine ilişkin çeşitli yönler tartışılmaktadır: (1) DOR ve aritmik risk ile ilişki için fizyolojik gerekçe, (2) ventriküler aritmilerin öngörülmesinde klinik önem ve (3) klinik kısıtlamalar. Deneysel, klinik ve simülasyon çalışmalarına dayanarak, bu derleme, Tpe, dTpe ve Tpe/QT oranının hem küresel hem de lokal DOR hakkında bilgilendirici olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunlar, artmış DOR ile ilişkili aritmilerin ve genel mortalitenin önemli öngörücüleridir. Ayrıca Tpe büyüklüğü hemodinamik ve volümetrik ventriküler parametrelerin, koroner arter stenozunun kapsamı ve şiddeti, tedaviye yanıtın ve beklenen hastanede kalış süresinin basit, invaziv olmayan, ucuz ve hızlı bir dolaylı değerlendirmesi olarak kendini göstermiştir. Ancak ölçümlerde fikir birliği olmaması, farklı araştırmacılar tarafından bildirilen eşik değerlerinde büyük farklılıklara yol açmıştır. Tpe'nin rutin EKG analizine dâhil edilmesi, daha birleşik ölçümlere dayanan, makine öğrenimi ve yapay zekâ araçlarını içeren daha fazla araştırma gerektirmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Repolarizasyon dispersiyonu; aritmik risk; Tpeak-Tend aralığı; Tpeak-Tend dispersiyonu; Tpeak-Tend/QT oranı
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