Tırnak mantarı (onikomikoz), el-ayak tırnaklarını etkileyen ve tüm tırnak hastalıklarının yaklaşık %50'sini oluşturan bir mantar enfeksiyonudur. Genellikle dermatofitler, az bir kısmı da dermatofit olmayan küfler ve mayalar tarafından oluşturulmaktadır. Obezite, diyabet, HIV, sigara içme, yaşlılık ve immün yetmezlik gibi faktörler hastalığa yakalanma riskini artırmaktadır. Onikomikoz tedavisi, enfekte bölgeye ve hastalığın şiddetine göre belirlenmektedir. Tedavi seçenekleri oral, topikal ve bir cihazın da kullanıldığı tedaviler olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Oral tedavi, yan etki riskinin yüksek olması nedeni ile çoğunlukla topikal tedaviden sonra düşünülmektedir. Topikal tedavi, düşük yan etki olasılığı, sistemik ilaç etkileşimine yol açmaması ve hasta uyuncunun daha iyi olması açısından avantajlı görünmektedir. Fakat etken maddenin yoğun keratinize tırnağı geçmesi ve enfekte bölgeye penetrasyonu tedaviyi sınırlandırmaktadır. Topikal uygulamada karşılaşılan sıkıntıları giderebilmek, etken madde penetrasyonunu ve tedavinin etkinliğini artırmak için değişik fiziksel ve kimyasal yaklaşımlar geliştirilmiştir. Fiziksel yaklaşım; tırnak plağının aşındırılıp kalınlığının azaltılması, tırnak plağında µm boyutunda deliklerin açılması, iyontoforez ile penetrasyonun artırılması ve tırnağın hidrate edilerek geçirgenliğinin artırılması gibi yöntemleri içermektedir. Kimyasal yaklaşım ise tırnak plağının geçirgenliğinin artırılması amacıyla çeşitli penetrasyon artırıcıların kullanılmasına dayanmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımların yanı sıra bazı cihazlar da etken maddenin penetrasyonunu artırmak için tasarlanmıştır. Bu yaklaşımlar tek başına ya da birlikte kullanılarak topikal tedavinin etkinliğinin artırılıp süresinin azaltılması amaçlanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Onikomikoz; tırnak; tedavi; antifungal ajanlar; tırnağa penetrasyon
Nail fungal (onychomycosis) is a fungal infection that affects hands and toenails and accounts for about 50% of all nail diseases. It is usually formed by dermatophytes, with a small proportion by non-dermatophytes yeasts and molds. Factors such as obesity, diabetes, HIV, smoking, old age and immunodeficiency increase risk of getting disease. Onychomycosis treatment is determined according to infected area and severity of the disease. Treatment options are classified as oral, topical and using a device. Oral treatment is usually considered after topical treatment because of the high risk of side effects. Topical treatment seems to be advantageous in terms of the possibility of low side effects, no systemic drug interaction and better patient compliance. However, penetration of the active substance through intense keratinized nail and penetration into infected area limit treatment. Various physical and chemical approaches have been developed to eliminate the problems encountered in topical application and increase the penetration of the active substance and effectiveness of the treatment. Physical approach; reduction of the thickness by etching of the nail plate, forming holes in size of µm on the nail plate, increasing penetration by iontophoresis and increasing permeability of the nail by hydrating. The chemical approach is based on the use of various penetration enhancers to increase the permeability of the nail plate. Additionally, some devices are designed to increase the penetration of the active substance. Using these approaches alone or in combination, it is aimed to increase the effectiveness and decrease the duration of topical treatment.
Keywords: Onychomycosis; nail; treatment; antifungal agents; nail penetration
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