Objective: Hepatic granulomas (HGs) are seen in 2- 4% of liver biopsies and the etiology is heterogeneous including liver involvement in systemic immunologic disorders and infectious diseases, primary hepatic diseases, drug hepatotoxicity, foreign bodies, and reaction to neoplastic disease. Common etiologies are primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and sarcoidosis in the Western world, while infections especially tuberculosis (TB) preclude in the Eastern countries. In Turkey, HGs have been reported in 2-5% of liver biopsies and the etiology includes both infections and non-infectious diseases. In this review, we aimed to determine the prevalence and etiology of HGs in Turkey. Material and Methods: A search of Pubmed, Scopus and Science Citation Index and national databses (including Tübitak Ulakbim, Türkmedline, and Türk Atıf Dizini) was done and 60 reports were reached. Four studies from Turkey dedicated to describe the rate of HGs and their etiology were determined. Results: The rate of HGs is 2.27% (208/9164). Infections as a group (TB, hydatid disease, HCV, brucellosis, fascioliasis, typhoid fever, fungal infection, HBV, actinomycosis, yersiniosis, leishmaniasis, and infectious mononucleosis) were the etiology in 38.4%. PBC was the leading etiology, followed by sarcoidosis, TB, and hydatid disease. Beside the dedicated HG series, 11 series from Turkey included cases with HGs and 45 papers described 52 case reports with HGs. Conclusion: HGs are seen in 2.3% of the liver biopsies in Turkey. The infections still represent the leading etiology and among them, TB appears the commonest one. When the cases are evaluated individually, PBC is the leading etiology. Infections are followed by PBC and sarcoidosis, which are main two etiologies of HGs in the world. The local and regional epidemiology of certain infectious diseases, particularly TB determines the etiologic distribution of HGs.
Keywords: Hepatic granuloma; Turkey; primary biliary cholangitis; sarcoidosis
Amaç: Karaciğer biyopsilerinin %2-4'ünde, karaciğer granülom (KG)ları görülür. KG'lerin, sistemik immünolojik bozukluklar, enfeksiyon hastalıkları, primer hepatik hastalıklar, ilaç hepatotoksisitesi, yabancı cisimler ve neoplastik hastalığa reaksiyon gibi geniş bir etiyolojisi vardır. Yaygın etiyolojiler, Batı dünyasında primer biliyer kolanjit (PBK) ve sarkoidoz olup, Doğu ülkelerinde ise enfeksiyon hastalıkları, özellikle tüberküloz ön plana çıkmaktadır. Türkiye'de de karaciğer biyopsilerinin %2-5'inde KG bildirilmiş olup; etiyolojisi, hem enfeksiyonları hem de enfeksiyon dışı nedenleri içermektedir. Bu derlemede, Türkiye'deki KG prevalansını ve etiyolojisini belirlemeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntemler: PubMed, Scopus, Science Citation Index ve ulusal indekslerin (TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM, Türk Medline ve Türk Atıf Dizini) araştırması yapıldı ve 60 rapora ulaşıldı. Türkiye'den, KG'lerin oranını ve etiyolojisini tanımlamaya yönelik 4 çalışma belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: KG oranı %2,27'dir (208/9164). Grup olarak enfeksiyonlar (tüberküloz, hidatik kist, hepatit C virüsü, bruselloz, fasiolazis, tifo, mantar enfeksiyonu, hepatit B virüsü, aktinomikoz, yersiniyoz, leyişmanyoz ve enfeksiyöz mononükleoz), olguların %38,4'ünün etiyolojisini oluşturmaktadır. Hastalıklar tek tek ele alındığında PBK, önde gelen etiyolojidir ve onu sarkoidoz, tüberküloz ve hidatik kist izlemektedir. KG'ye özgü serilerin yanı sıra Türkiye'den 11 seride, KG içeren olgular vardı. Ayrıca 45 çalışmada, KG'li 52 olgu bildirimi mevcuttu. Sonuç: KG'ler, Türkiye'deki karaciğer biyopsilerinin %2,3'ünde görülür. Enfeksiyonlar, hâlâ önde gelen etiyolojiyi temsil etmekte olup, aralarında tüberküloz en yaygın olanıdır. Hastalıklar, tek tek ele alındığında PBK önde gelen etiyolojidir. Enfeksiyonları, dünyadaki KG'lerin ana 2 etiyolojisi olan PBK ve sarkoidoz takip eder. Bazı enfeksiyöz hastalıkların, özellikle tüberkülozun lokal ve bölgesel epidemiyolojisi, KG'lerin etiyolojik dağılımını belirler.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Karaciğer granülomları; Türkiye; safra sirozu; sarkoidoz
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