Objective: Chest tube removal is a painful medical procedure following cardiac surgery. This study aimed to examine the effect of virtual reality (VR) application on pain and anxiety during chest tube removal in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Material and Methods: In this parallel-group, randomized controlled study, a total of 40 participants were randomly assigned to intervention (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. 360-degree VR videos with nature and landscape scenes and relaxing background music were shown to the intervention group using VR glasses. Data were collected using a Patient Information Form, visual analog scale (VAS), Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Profile of Mood States Tension-Anxiety Subscale (POMS-TA). Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, chi-square tests, mixed design analysis of variance, and Bonferroni correction were used for data analysis. Results: VAS, POMS-TA Subscale, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory scores measured immediately after chest tube removal (T1), 10 minutes later (T2), and one hour later (T3) were found to be lower in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The number of patients using analgesics during and after chest tube removal was lower in the intervention group (p<0.05). Conclusion: VR application reduced pain and anxiety levels during chest tube removal and improved vital signs. Additionally, VR reduced the use of analgesics during and after the procedure. In this context, VR applications can be recommended as an effective attention diversion method during chest tube removal.
Keywords: Virtual reality; chest tube; pain; anxiety; nursing
Amaç: Kalp ameliyatı sonrası göğüs tüpü çıkarılması, ağrılı tıbbi işlemlerden biridir. Bu çalışma, açık kalp ameliyatı geçiren hastalarda göğüs tüpü çıkarılması sırasında sanal gerçeklik (SG) uygulamasının ağrı ve anksiyete üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu paralel gruplu, randomize kontrollü çalışmada toplam 40 katılımcı rastgele olarak müdahale (n=20) ve kontrol (n=20) gruplarına atanmıştır. Müdahale grubuna SG gözlükleri kullanılarak doğa ve manzara sahneleri ve rahatlatıcı fon müziği içeren 360 derece VR videolar izletilmiştir. Veriler; Hasta Bilgi Formu, Görsel Kıyaslama Ölçeği (GKÖ), Sürekli Anksiyete Ölçeği ve Duygu Durum Profili Gerginlik & Anksiyete Alt Ölçeği (DDP-GAAÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, bağımsız örneklerde t-testi, ki-kare testleri, karma desen varyans analizi ve ve Bonferroni düzeltmesi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Göğüs tüpü çıkarılmasından hemen sonra (T1), 10 dk sonra (T2) ve 1 saat sonra (T3) ölçülen GKÖ, DDP-GAAÖ, sistolik ve diyastolik kan basıncı, nabız ve solunum skorları, müdahale grubunda kontrol grubuna göre daha düşük bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Göğüs tüpü çıkarılması sırasında ve sonrasında analjezik kullanan hastaların sayısı müdahale grubunda daha düşüktü (p<0,05). Sonuç: SG uygulaması, göğüs tüpü çıkarılması sırasında ağrı ve anksiyete düzeylerini azaltmış ve temel yaşamsal bulguları iyileştirmiştir. Ayrıca SG, işlem sırasında ve sonrasında analjezi kullanımını azaltmıştır. Bu bağlamda, SG uygulamaları göğüs tüpü çıkarılması sırasında etkili bir dikkat dağıtma yöntemi olarak önerilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sanal gerçeklik; göğüs tüpü; ağrı; anksiyete; hemşirelik
- Hardin S, Kaplow R. Cardiac Surgery Essentials for Critical Care Nursing. 3rd ed. Burlington MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2020.
- Jarrah MI, Hweidi IM, Al-Dolat SA, Alhawatmeh HN, Al-Obeisat SM, Hweidi LI, et al. The effect of slow deep breathing relaxation exercise on pain levels during and post chest tube removal after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Int J Nurs Sci. 2022;9(2):155-61. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Malik V, Kiran U, Chauhan S, Makhija N. Transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain relief during chest tube removal following cardiac surgery. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2018;34(2):216-20. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Sajedi-Monfared Z, Rooddehghan Z, Haghani H, Bakhshandeh AR, Monfared LS. Cold therapy and respiratory relaxation exercise on pain and anxiety related to chest tube removal: a clinical trial. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2021;26(1):54-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hasanzadeh F, Kashouk NM, Amini S, Asili J, Emami SA, Vashani HB, et al. The effect of cold application and lavender oil inhalation in cardiac surgery patients undergoing chest tube removal. EXCLI J. 2016;15:64-74. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Yarahmadi S, Mohammadi N, Ardalan A, Najafizadeh H, Gholami M. The combined effects of cold therapy and music therapy on pain following chest tube removal among patients with cardiac bypass surgery. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;31:71-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- McGovern C, Cowan R, Appleton R, Miles B. Pain, agitation and delirium in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Med. 2018;19(12):634-40. [Crossref]
- Hendricks TM, Gutierrez CN, Stulak JM, Dearani JA, Miller JD. The use of virtual reality to reduce preoperative anxiety in first-time sternotomy patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(6):1148-57. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kızılcık Özkan Z, Gökçe Işıklı A, Yanık F. The effect of virtual reality glasses on reducing pain during chest tube removal. J Clin Med Kaz. 2023;20(4):38-42. [Crossref]
- Huang Q, Lin J, Han R, Peng C, Huang A. Using virtual reality exposure therapy in pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Value Health. 2022;25(2):288-301. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ding L, Hua H, Zhu H, Zhu S, Lu J, Zhao K, et al. Effects of virtual reality on relieving postoperative pain in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2020;82:87-94. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ioannou A, Papastavrou E, Avraamides MN, Charalambous A. Virtual reality and symptoms management of anxiety, depression, fatigue, and pain: a systematic review. SAGE Open Nurs. 2020;6:2377960820936163. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Mallari B, Spaeth EK, Goh H, Boyd BS. Virtual reality as an analgesic for acute and chronic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2019;12:2053-85. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Laghlam D, Naudin C, Coroyer L, Aidan V, Malvy J, Rahoual G, et al. Virtual reality vs. Kalinox® for management of pain in intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a randomized study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):74. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Furness PJ, Phelan I, Babiker NT, Fehily O, Lindley SA, Thompson AR. Reducing pain during wound dressings in burn care using virtual reality: a study of perceived impact and usability with patients and nurses. J Burn Care Res. 2019;40(6):878-85. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Gerçeker GÖ, Binay Ş, Bilsin E, Kahraman A, Yılmaz HB. Effects of virtual reality and external cold and vibration on pain in 7- to 12-year-old children during phlebotomy: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs. 2018;33(6):981-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Teeley AM, Soltani M, Wiechman SA, Jensen MP, Sharar SR, Patterson DR. Virtual reality hypnosis pain control in the treatment of multiple fractures: a case series. Am J Clin Hypn. 2012;54(3):184-94. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Karaman D, Taşdemir N. The effect of using virtual reality during breast biopsy on pain and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs. 2021;36(6):702-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Georgescu R, Fodor LA, Dobrean A, Cristea IA. Psychological interventions using virtual reality for pain associated with medical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2020;50(11):1795-807. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Carl E, Stein AT, Levihn-Coon A, Pogue JR, Rothbaum B, Emmelkamp P, Asmundson GJG, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord. 2019;61:27-36. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Menekli T, Yaprak B, Doğan R. The effect of virtual reality distraction intervention on pain, anxiety, and vital signs of oncology patients undergoing port catheter implantation: a randomized controlled study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2022;23(5):585-90. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Eti Aslan F. Ameliyat Sonrası Ağrı Değerlendirmesinde Görsel Kıyaslama Ölçeğiyle Basit Tanımlayıcı Ölçeğin duyarlık ve seçiciliği [Sensitivity and Selectivity of Visual Analogue Scale and Simple Descriptive Scale in postoperative pain assessment]. Journal of Intensive Care Nursing. 2004;8(1):1-6. [Link]
- Öner N, Le Compte A. Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları; 1983.
- Ağargün MY, Özcan Ç, Kıran ÜK. POMS (Mizaç durumları profili): geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 39.Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi. Antalya: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği; 2003. p.557-9.
- Mosso-Vázquez JL, Gao K, Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD. Virtual reality for pain management in cardiac surgery. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014;17(6):371-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cacau Lde A, Oliveira GU, Maynard LG, Araújo Filho AA, Silva WM Jr, Cerqueria Neto ML, et al. The use of the virtual reality as intervention tool in the postoperative of cardiac surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2013;28(2):281-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lima HJ, Souza RDSP, Santos ASMSE, Borges DL, Guimaraes ARF, Ferreira GVDBA, et al. Virtual reality on pulmonary function and functional independence after coronary artery bypass grafting: clinical trial. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;10(4):499-505. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Smith V, Warty RR, Sursas JA, Payne O, Nair A, Krishnan S, et al. The effectiveness of virtual reality in managing acute pain and anxiety for medical inpatients: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(11):e17980. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Dreesmann NJ, Su H, Thompson HJ. A systematic review of virtual reality therapeutics for acute pain management. Pain Manag Nurs. 2022;23(5):672-81. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Goudman L, Jansen J, Billot M, Vets N, De Smedt A, Roulaud M, et al. virtual reality applications in chronic pain management: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Serious Games. 2022;10(2):e34402. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Candela L, Ventimiglia E, Corrales M, Sierra Del Rio A, Villa L, Goumas IK, et al. The use of a virtual reality device (HypnoVR) during extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for treatment of urinary stones: initial results of a clinical protocol. Urology. 2023;175:13-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Theingi S, Leopold I, Ola T, Cohen GS, Maresky HS. Virtual reality as a non-pharmacological adjunct to reduce the use of analgesics in hospitals. J Cogn Enhanc. 2022;6(1):108-13. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Barry KS, Nimma SR, Spaulding AC, Wilke BK, Torp KD, Ledford CK. Perioperative outcomes of immersive virtual reality as adjunct anesthesia in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty. Arthroplast Today. 2022;18:84-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- McSherry T, Atterbury M, Gartner S, Helmold E, Searles DM, Schulman C. Randomized, crossover study of immersive virtual reality to decrease opioid use during painful wound care procedures in adults. J Burn Care Res. 2018;39(2):278-85. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sahin G, Basak T. The effects of intraoperative progressive muscle relaxation and virtual reality application on anxiety, vital signs, and satisfaction: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs. 2020;35(3):269-76. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi