Objective: Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This situation creates a tendency toward malnutrition. The aim of the current study was to determine the causes of gastrointestinal symptoms and to evaluate their effect on Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score which are the objective criteria to detect malnutrition. Material and Methods: A total of 66 hemodialysis and 51 peritoneal dialysis patients were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 26 patients who answered more than 50% of the 16 questions on a gastrointestinal symptoms Likert-type questionnaire as 'frequently' or 'very frequently'. Laboratory and demographic features of patients were recorded. PNI score was calculated using the formula: [10×serum albumin value (g/dL)]+ (0.005×lymphocyte count/mm3). CONUT score was calculated by summing the scores given to certain ranges of total lymphocyte count, albumin, and total cholesterol value. A low PNI and high CONUT score indicates nutritional deficiencies. Result: There was no difference in demographic characteristics between groups. PNI score was lower and CONUT score was higher in Group I. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and CRP-albumin ratio (CAR) were found to be independent risk factors in the development of gastrointestinal symptoms. In multivariate regression analysis, it was observed that DM, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) use, and CAR elevation rather than gastrointestinal symptoms affect the CONUT and PNI scores. Conclusion: DM and inflammation play roles in the development of gastrointestinal symptoms. Malnutrition is affected not only by gastrointestinal symptoms but also by underlying additional diseases, some drugs such as NSAID, and inflammation in dialysis patients.
Keywords: Controlling Nutritional Status score; dialysis; gastrointestinal symptoms; malnutrition; Prognostic Nutritional Index
Amaç: Gastrointestinal semptomlar kronik böbrek hastalarında (KBH) yaygın görülür. Bu durum malnütrisyona eğilim yaratır. Mevcut çalışmanın amacı, gastrointestinal semptomların nedenlerini tespit etmek ve malnütrisyonu değerlendiren objektif kriterlerden olan Prognostik Beslenme İndeksi [Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI)] ve Kontrollü Beslenme Durum [Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT)] skoru üzerine etkisini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 66 hemodiyaliz, 51 periton diyaliz hastası alındı. Hastalar iki gruba ayrıldı. Gastrointestinal semptomları değerlendirmek için 16 sorudan oluşan Likert tipi anketteki soruların %50'den fazlasına 'sık' veya 'çok sık' cevaplarını veren 26 hasta Grup 1'i oluşturdu. Hastaların demografik ve laboratuvar verileri kaydedildi. PNI [10×serum albumin değeri (g/dL)]+ (0,005×lenfosit sayısı/mm3) formülüyle hesaplandı. CONUT skoru lenfosit sayısının, albumin değerinin ve total kolesterolün belirli aralıklarına puan verip, toplamı olarak hesaplandı. Düşük PNI ve yüksek CONUT skoru beslenme eksikliğini gösterir. Bulgular: İki grup arasında demografik özellikler açısından fark yoktu. Grup 1'de PNI düşük, CONUT skoru yüksek bulundu. Diabetes mellitus (DM) ve C-reaktif protein-albumin oranı (CAO) gastrointestinal semptomların gelişimi açısından bağımsız birer risk faktörü olduğu tespit edildi. Çok değişkenli regresyon analizinde gastrointestinal semptomlardan ziyade DM, CAO yüksekliği ve nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaç (NSAİİ) kullanımının PNI ve CONUT skorunu etkilediği tespit edildi. Sonuç: DM ve inflamasyon gastrointestinal semptomların gelişiminde rol oynamaktadır. Malnütrisyon diyaliz hastalarında sadece gastrointestinal semptomlardan değil aynı zamanda altta yatan ek hastalıklardan, NSAİİ gibi bazı ilaçlardan ve inflamasyondan etkilenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kontrollü beslenme durum skoru; diyaliz; gastrointestinal semptomlar; malnütrisyon; Prognostik Beslenme İndeksi
- Zuvela J, Trimingham C, Le Leu R, Faull R, Clayton P, Jesudason S, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients receiving dialysis: a systematic review. Nephrology (Carlton). 2018;23(8):718-27. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Aguilera A, Bajo MA, Espinoza M, Olveira A, Paiva AM, Codoceo R, et al. Gastrointestinal and pancreatic function in peritoneal dialysis patients: their relationship with malnutrition and peritoneal membrane abnormalities. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(4):787-96. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Carrero JJ. Mechanisms of altered regulation of food intake in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(1):7-11. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mori S, Usami N, Fukumoto K, Mizuno T, Kuroda H, Sakakura N, et al. The significance of the Prognostic Nutritional Index in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0136897. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Peng D, Gong YQ, Hao H, He ZS, Li XS, Zhang CJ, et al. Preoperative Prognostic Nutritional Index is a significant predictor of survival with bladder cancer after radical cystectomy: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):391. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Nishikawa H, Yoh K, Enomoto H, Ishii N, Iwata Y, Takata R, et al. The Relationship between Controlling Nutritional (CONUT) score and clinical markers among adults with hepatitis C virus related liver cirrhosis. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1185. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Iseki Y, Shibutani M, Maeda K, Nagahara H, Ohtani H, Sugano K, et al. Impact of the Preoperative Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score on the survival after curative surgery for colorectal cancer. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132488. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Zhou H, Chao W, Cui L, Li M, Zou Y, Yang M. Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score as immune-nutritional predictor of outcomes in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2564-70. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Peng F, Chen W, Zhou W, Li P, Niu H, Chen Y, et al. Low Prognostic Nutritional Index associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in incident peritoneal dialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017;49(6):1095-101. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zhang H, Tao Y, Wang Z, Lu J. Evaluation of nutritional status and prognostic impact assessed by the Prognostic Nutritional Index in children with chronic kidney disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(34):e16713. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Bytzer P, Howell S, Leemon M, Young LJ, Jones MP, Talley NJ. Low socioeconomic class is a risk factor for upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms: a population based study in 15 000 Australian adults. Gut. 2001;49(1):66-72. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Bharucha AE, Kudva YC, Prichard DO. Diabetic gastroparesis. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(5):1318-52. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Chong VH, Tan J. Prevalence of gastrointestinal and psychosomatic symptoms among Asian patients undergoing regular hemodialysis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2013;18(2):97-103. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dong R, Guo ZY. Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: multivariate analysis of correlated factors. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(22):2812-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Silva LF, Lopes GB, Matos CM, Brito KQ, Amoedo MK, Azevedo MF, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and nutritional status in women and men on maintenance hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(3):327-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kahvecioglu S, Akdag I, Kiyici M, Gullulu M, Yavuz M, Ersoy A, et al. High prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure. J Nephrol. 2005;18(1):61-6. [PubMed]
- Meijers B, Evenepoel P, Anders HJ. Intestinal microbiome and fitness in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15(9):531-45. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Li Y, Dong J, Zuo L. Is subjective global assessment a good index of nutrition in peritoneal dialysis patients with gastrointestinal symptoms? Perit Dial Int. 2009;29 Suppl 2:S78-82. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Shirakabe A, Hata N, Kobayashi N, Okazaki H, Matsushita M, Shibata Y, et al. The prognostic impact of malnutrition in patients with severely decompensated acute heart failure, as assessed using the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score. Heart Vessels. 2018;33(2):134-44. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Saito H, Nomura K, Hotta M, Takano K. Malnutrition induces dissociated changes in lymphocyte count and subset proportion in patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40(6):575-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Leandro-Merhi VA, Bráz VN, Aquino JL. Is total lymphocyte count related to nutritional markers in hospitalized older adults? Arq Gastroenterol. 2017;54(1):79-82. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi