Şiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu-koronavirüs-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)] enfeksiyonu damlacık yoluyla bulaşan bir solunum yolu hastalığı olarak ortaya çıkmasına rağmen, enfekte olan hastalarda solunum yolu dışındaki organlarda da çoklu organ tutulumları gözlenmiştir. Bu durum, SARSCoV-2'nin spike proteinin hücrelere girişi için anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim-2 [angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2)] reseptörlerini kullanmasıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. ACE-2 ekspresyonunun; akciğer, kalp, testis, ince bağırsak, tiroid, böbrek ve az miktarda beyinde olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu bilgiye dayanarak araştırmalar, SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonunda ACE-2 ekspresyonunun diğer organ ve sistemler üzerindeki etkilerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Enfeksiyon sürecinde proinflamatuar yanıtların ve ACE-2 ekspresyonundaki artışın çoklu organ tutulumuna yol açtığı öne sürülmüştür. Ağır hastalardaki çoklu organ tutulumları hastanede kalış süresini uzatmakta ve ölüm oranlarının artmasına sebep olmaktadır. SAR-CoV-2 enfeksiyonuna bağlı gelişen kalp yetersizliği, böbrek yetersizliği, sitokin fırtınası, pıhtılaşma bozuklukları ve organ yetersizlikleri ölümü hızlandırmaktadır. SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonunun tedavi stratejileri belirlenirken çoklu organ hasarının altında yatan mekanizmaların bilinmesi, hastalık prognozunun iyileştirilmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu derlemede SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonunun neden olduğu çoklu organ tutulumlarına neden olan mekanizmalar ele alınmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Şiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu- koronavirüs 2; multipl organ yetersizliği; anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim-2
Although severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection appears as a respiratory tract disease transmitted through droplets, multiple organ involvements have also been observed in organs other than the respiratory tract in infected patients. This has been associated with SARS CoV-2's use of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors to enter the spike protein into cells. ACE-2 expression is known to occur in the lung, heart, testis, small intestine, thyroid, kidney and a small amount of the brain. Based on this information, research has focused on the effects of ACE-2 expression on other organs and systems in SARSCoV-2 infection. It has been suggested that pro-inflammatory responses and increase in ACE-2 expression during the infection process lead to multi-organ involvement. Multiple organ involvement in seriously ill patients prolongs the duration of hospital stay and causes an increase in mortality rates. Heart failure, kidney failure, cytokine storm, coagulation disorders and organ failure due to SARS-CoV-2 infection accelerate death. While determining the treatment strategies of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is important to know the mechanisms underlying multiple organ damage in terms of improving the disease prognosis. In this review, the mechanisms that cause multiple organ involvement caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are discussed.
Keywords: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; multiple organ failure; angiotensin converting enzyme 2
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