Objective: To investigate the refractive status and frequency of amblyopia risk factors in children who underwent probing for unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 65 consecutive children with unilateral congenital NLDO who were still symptomatic at one year examination and necessiated nasolacrimal duct probing. A complete ophthalmic evaluation including cycloplegic refraction was performed. The spherical, cylindrical and spherical equivalent retinoscopy measurements of both eyes were noted. The risk factors for amblyopia and differences between refractive values of both eyes were evaluated. Results: The mean age at presentation was 20.4±9.2 months (range, 12 to 48 months). The left eye was involved in 30 (46.2 %) patients. Thirty-five subjects (54 %) were female. Nine children had amblyopia risk factors (13.8%). There was no statistically significant difference regarding cylindrical refractive error, spherical refractive error and spherical equivalent (p=0.9, p=0.9 and p=0.5 respectively) between two eyes. Conclusion: In the current study, no statistically significant difference was found between refractive values of both eyes. One tenth of children in our study group were found to be under risk of amblyopia mostly due to high astigmatism. Further studies about the effect of blurred vision on visual development of both eyes and binocular vision may provide more information about the refractive status in this group of patients.
Keywords: Amblyopia; anisometropia; child; nasolacrimal duct
Amaç: Doğumsal tek taraflı gözyaşı kanal tıkanıklığı nedeni ile sondalama uygulanan hastalarda refraktif durumun ve ambliyopi risk faktörlerinin sıklığının araştırılması. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı kesitsel çalışmaya, doğumsal tek taraflı gözyaşı kanal tıkanıklığı olan, bir yaşta yapılan kontrollerde semptomlarda düzelme olmayan ve sondalama gerektiren ardışık 65 çocuk dahil edildi. Hastaların sikloplejin ile yapılan refraksiyon muayenesini de içeren detaylı oftalmolojik muayeneleri yapıldı. Her iki göze ait retinoskopi ölçüm değerleri, sferik, silendirik ve sferik eşdeğer olmak üzere not edildi. İki göz arasındaki refraktif değerlerin farkları ve ambliyopi risk faktörleri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Hastaların başvuru sırasında yaş ortalamaları 20.4±9.2 aydı.(yaş aralığı, 12 ile 48 ay). Otuz hastada (46.2 %) sol gözde gözyaşı kanal tıkanıklığı mevcuttu. Otuz beş çocuk (% 54) kızdı. Dokuz çocukta (%13.8) ambliyopi risk faktörü bulunmaktaydı. Tutulan göz ile diğer göz karşılaştırıldığında silendirik, sferik ve sferik eşdeğer refraksiyon kusurları arasında istatistiksel olarak fark olmadığı görüldü. (sırasıyla; p=0.9, p=0.9 and p=0.5). Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, iki gözün refraktif degerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak fark saptanmadı. Hastaların onda birinde, çoğu yüksek dioptrideki astigmatizmaya bağlı olmak üzere, ambliyopi riski olduğu saptandı. Gelecekte, hastalığın sebep olduğu bulanık görmenin görme gelişimine etkisini araştıran çalışmalar, bu hasta grubunda gelişmesi beklenen refraksiyon kusuru konusuna ışık tutacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ambliyopi; anizometropi; çocuk; nazolakrimal kanal
- Nelson LB. Treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2016;1;53(5):270. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Esen E, Özcan AA, Erdem E, Çiloglu E, Simdivar HG. The Effectiveness of Probing for the Treatment of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2012;42:342-5. [Crossref]
- Erdogan H, Toker I, Arici MK, Akbulut M, Topalkara A. [Our results of probing application in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction]. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2004;34(2):98-102.
- Grover AK. Management of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children: how is it changing? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017;65(10):910-1. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ellis JD, MacEwen CJ, Young JD. Can congenital nasolacrimal-duct obstruction interfere with visual development? A cohort case control study. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1998;35(2):81-5.
- Simon JW, Ngo Y, Ahn E, Khachikian S. Anisometropic amblyopia and nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2009;46(3):182-3. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Matta NS, Singman EL, Silbert DI. Prevalence of amblyopia risk factors in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J AAPOS. 2010;14(5):386-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Caputo R, Frosini R, De Libero C, Campa L, Magro EF, Secci J, et al. Factors influencing severity of and recovery from anisometropic amblyopia. Strabismus. 2007;15(4):209-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Webber AL, Wood JM, Gole GA, Brown B. The effect of amblyopia on fine motor skills in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(2):594-603. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Donahue SP, Arthur B, Neely DE, Arnold RW, Silbert D, Ruben JB, et al. Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening: a 10-year, evidence-based update. J AAPOS. 2013;17(1):4-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Donahue SP. Relationship between anisometropia, patient age, and the development of amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(1):132-40. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cobb CJ, Russell K, Cox A, MacEwen CJ. Factors influencing visual outcome in anisometropic amblyopes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(11):1278-81. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Townshend AM, Holmes JM, Evans LS. Depth of anisometropic amblyopia and difference in refraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;15;116(4):431-6. [Crossref]
- Barrett BT, Bradley A, Candy TR. The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;36:120-58. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Drover JR, Kean PG, Courage ML, Adams RJ. Prevalence of amblyopia and other vision disorders in young Newfoundland and Labrador children. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008;43(1):89-94. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Jamali P, Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Younesian M, Jafari A. Refractive errors and amblyopia in children entering school: Shahrood, Iran. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(4):364-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Williams C, Harrad RA, Harvey I, Sparrow JM; ALSPAC Study Team. Screening for amblyopia in preschool children: results of a population-based, randomised controlled trial. ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001;8(5):279-95. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Piotrowsky TJ, Diehl NN, Mohney BG. Neonatal dacryostenosis as a risk factor for anisometropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(9): 1166-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sloper JJ. Edridge-green lecture. Competition and cooperation in visual development. Eye (Lond). 1993;7:319-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nickla DL, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29(2):144-68. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Meyer C, Mueller MF, Duncker GI, Meyer HJ. Experimental animal myopia models are applicable to human juvenile-onset myopia. Surv Ophthalmol. 1999;44:S93-102. [Crossref]
- Wojciechowski R. Nature and nurture: the complex genetics of myopia and refractive error. Clin Genet. 2011;79(4):301-20. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kulp MT, Ying GS, Huang J, Maguire M, Quinn G, Ciner EB, et al. Associations between hyperopia and other vision and refractive error characteristics. Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91(4):383-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ramkumar VA, Agarkar S, Mukherjee B. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction: does it really increase the risk of amblyopia in children? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2016;64(7):496-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Arnold RW. Amblyopia risk factor prevalence. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013;50(4): 213-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bagheri A, Safapoor S, Yazdani S, Yaseri M. Refractive state in children with unilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2012;7(4):310-5.
.: İşlem Listesi