Nükleer tıp, hastalıkların görüntülenmesi ve tedavisi amacıyla radyoaktif ilaçların (radyofarmasötiklerin) hasta vücuduna verildiği bir tıp dalıdır. Bir radyofarmasötik, farmasötik ve radyoaktif kısımlardan oluşan ve in vivo kullanım için tasarlanmış bir ilaç formülasyonudur. Radyofarmasötikler, spesifik fizikokimyasal ve radyasyon özelliklerine bağlı olarak teşhis veya terapötik amaçlar için kullanılabilirler. Görüntüleme amacıyla gama (γ) veya pozitron (β+) yayan radyonüklidler ile hazırlanan radyofarmasötikler kullanılırken, tedavi amacıyla çoğunlukla beta (β-) veya alfa (α) partiküler radyasyon yayan radyonüklidler ile hazırlanan radyofarmasötikler kullanılmaktadır. Son yıllarda aynı hastalığın radyonüklid görüntülenmesinde ve tedavisinde aynı veya benzer bir ligandın kullanılması 'teranostik' kavramı ile karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Nükleer tıpta teranostik yaklaşım hem teşhis hem de tedavi amacıyla spesifik moleküler hedefleme için oluşturulmuş bir araçtır. Radyofarmasötiklerin ve teşhis tekniklerinin hızlı gelişimi sayesinde teranostik ajanların geliştirilmesi ve kullanımı sürekli artmaktadır. Bu derlemede; nükleer tıbbın gelişimi, tanı ve tedavi amacıyla kullanılan radyofarmasötikler, nükleer tıptaki güncel gelişmeler ile teranostikler anlatılmış ve güncel çalışmalardan örnekler sunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Nükleer tıp; tanı; tedavi; radyofarmasötik; teranostik
Nuclear Medicine is a medical branch in which radioactive drugs (radiopharmaceuticals) are administered to the patient's body for the purpose of imaging and treating diseases. A radiopharmaceutical is a drug formulation consisting of pharmaceutical and radioactive parts and designed for in vivo use. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes depending on their specific physicochemical and radiation properties. While radiopharmaceuticals prepared with radionuclides emitting gamma (γ) or positron (β+) are used for imaging, radiopharmaceuticals prepared with beta (β-) or alpha (α) particle radiation emitting radionuclides are mostly used for treatment. In recent years, the use of the same or similar ligand appears in the concept of 'theranostic' in the radionuclide imaging and treatment of the same disease. In nuclear medicine, the teranostic approach is a tool created for specific molecular targeting for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Thanks to the rapid development of radiopharmaceuticals and diagnostic techniques, the development and use of teranostic agents is constantly increasing. In this review, the development of nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnosis and treatment, current developments in nuclear medicine and teranostics are explained and examples from current studies are presented.
Keywords: Nuclear medicine; diagnosis; treatment; radiopharmaceuticals; theranostics
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