Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain preliminary normative data for children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) for the Turkish form of the KiddyCAT, and to determine whether differences in communication attitude exist among CWS and CWNS. Material and Methods: Following the translation process of the original English version into Turkish, the Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter (KiddyCAT-TR) was administered to 53 Turkish preschool CWNS and 55 who stutter CWS. The KiddyCAT-TR scores were evaluated to determine whether the CWS differ by chronological age, younger age versus older age groups and gender. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.72 for the CWS. The effect size found very high (d=1.14). The test-retest reliability coefficient was determined as 0.99. Group comparisons showed significantly higher mean scores for CWS compared to CWNS. Gender did not affect the test results. Conclusion: CWS develop a negative attitude towards their own communication from a very early age, which increases as they grow older. The results showed that the Turkish version of the KiddyCAT has high internal consistency and test-retest reliability and is a solid differential diagnostic tool to gauge the speech-related attitude among Turkishspeaking preschoolers.
Keywords: KiddyCAT; stuttering; communication attitude; preschoolers; Turkish children
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, KiddyCAT'in Türkçe formu için kekeleyen ve kekelemeyen çocuklar için ön normatif veriler elde etmek ve kekeleyen ile kekelemeyen çocuklar arasında iletişim tutum farklılıkları olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Orijinal İngilizce versiyonun Türkçeye çevrilmesi sürecini takiben, 53 kekelemeyen ve 55 kekeleyen Türk okul öncesi dönemdeki çocuğa KiddyCAT-TR uygulandı. Kekeleyen çocukların kekelemeyen çocuklara göre KiddyCAT-TR'den aldıkları puanları, kronolojik yaşa, daha küçük yaşa karşı büyük yaş gruplarına ve cinsiyete göre farklılık gösterip göstermediklerini belirlemek için değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Cronbach alfa katsayısı kekeleyen çocuklar için 0,72 elde edildi. Etki büyüklüğü çok yüksek bulundu (d=1,14). Test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayısı 0,99 olarak belirlendi. Grup karşılaştırmaları, kekelemeyen çocuklara kıyasla kekeleyen çocuklar için önemli ölçüde daha yüksek ortalama puanlar gösterdi. Cinsiyet, test sonuçlarını etkilemedi. Sonuç: Okul öncesi dönemde kekeleyen çocuklar, çok erken yaşlardan itibaren kendi iletişimlerine karşı olumsuz bir tutum geliştirir ve bu durum yaşları ilerledikçe artar. Sonuçlar, KiddyCAT'in Türkçe versiyonunun yüksek iç tutarlılığa ve test-tekrar test güvenilirliğine sahip olduğunu ve Türkçe konuşan okul öncesi çocuklar arasında konuşma ile ilgili tutumu ölçmek için sağlam bir teşhis aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: KiddyCAT; kekemelik; iletişim tutumu; okul öncesi dönem; Türk çocukları
- Smith A, Weber C. How stuttering develops: the multifactorial dynamic pathways theory. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017;60(9):2483-505. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ambrose NG, Yairi E, Loucks TM, Seery CH, Throneburg R. Relation of motor, linguistic and temperament factors in epidemiologic subtypes of persistent and recovered stuttering: Initial findings. Journal of Fluency Disorders. 2015;45:12-26. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Vanryckeghem M, Kawai N. Evaluation of speech-related attitude by means of the KiddyCAT, CAT, and BigCAT, within a larger behavior assessment battery framework for children and adults who stutter. The Bulletin of the Center for Special Needs Education Research and Practice. 2015;13. [Link]
- Vanryckeghem M, Brutten G. The Behavior Assessment Battery for Adults Who Stutter. 1st ed. Australia/New Zealand: Plural Publishing Inc.; 2018. [Link]
- Brutten G, Vanryckeghem M. Behavior Assessment Battery for School-Age Children who Stutter. 1st ed.San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing; 2007. [Link]
- Veerabhadrappa RC, Vanryckeghem M, Maruthy S. Communication attitude of kannada-speaking school-age children who do and do not stutter. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2020;4:1-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vanryckeghem M, Brutten G. The speech associated attitude of stuttering and non-stuttering children and the differential effect of age. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 1997;6(4):67-73. [Crossref]
- Vanryckeghem M, Brutten G. A comparative investigation of the BigCAT and Erickson S-24 measures of speech-associated attitude. J Commun Disord. 2012;45(5):340-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vanryckeghem M, Brutten G, Hernandez LM. A comparative investigation of the speech-associated attitude of preschool and kindergarten children who do and do not stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2005;30(4):307-18. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vanryckeghem M, Brutten G. The KiddyCAT: Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter. 1st ed. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing; 2007. [Link]
- Vanryckeghem M. Attitudes in stuttering. In: Damico J, Ball M, eds. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2019. p.187-92. [Link]
- Hertsberg N, Zebrowski PM. Self-perceived competence and social acceptance of children who stutter: Intitial findings. J Commun Disord. 2016;64:18-31. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Boey RA, Van de Heyning PH, Wuyts FL, Heylen L, Stoop R, De Bodt MS. Awareness and reactions of young stuttering children aged 2-7 years towards their speech disfluency. J Commun Disord. 2009;42(5):334-46. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lewis M. Self-conscious emotions. Embarrassment, pride, shame and guilt. In: Lewis M, Haviland-Jones JM, eds. Handbook of Emotions. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Gulford Press; 2000. p.623-36. [Link]
- Yairi E. The onset of stuttering in two-and three-year-old children. J Speech Hear Disord. 1983;48(2):171-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bernardini S, Cocco L, Zmarich C, Natarelli G, Vanryckeghem M. The Kiddycat: A Normative and Comparative Preliminary Study of Italian CWS And CWNS. Conference Paper. Conference: Proceedings of the 3nd International Conference on Stuttering. Tomaiuoli D, ed. At Rome, Italy, June14-16, 2018. [Link]
- Neumann S, Vanryckeghem M, Tiefenthaller R, Rietz C, Stenneken P. The german communication attitude test for preschool and kindergarten children who stutter (KiddyCAT-G): Reliability and first reference data. J Speech Pathol Ther. 2019;3:138. [Link]
- Nov?ak-Brce J, Vanryckeghem M. Communication attitude of Slovenian preschool children who do and do not stutter. J Speech Pathol Ther. 2017;2:1-5. [Crossref]
- Clark CE, Conture EG, Frankel CB, Walden TA. Communicative and psychological dimensions of the KiddyCAT. J Commun Disord. 2012;45(3):223-34. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Bajaj A, Hodson B, Westby C. Communicative ability conceptions among children who stutter and their fluent peers: A qualitative exploration. J Fluency Disord. 2005;30(1):41-64. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Guttormsen LS, Kefalianos E, Næss KA. Communication attitudes in children who stutter: A meta-analytic review. J Fluency Disord. 2005;46:1-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bloodstein O, Bernstein Ratner NA. A Handbook on Stuttering. 6th ed. CliftonPar, NY: Thomson/Delmar; 2008. [Link]
- Clark CE, Tumanova V, Choi D. Evidence-based multifactorial assessment of preschool-age children who stutter. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Group. 2017;2(4):4. [Crossref]
- Walsh B, Usler E, Bostian A, Mohan R, Gerwin KL, Brown B, et al. What are predictors for persistence in childhood stuttering? Semin Speech Lang. 2018;39(4):299-312. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Bernstein-Ratner N. Selecting treatments and monitoring outcomes: the circle of evidence-based practice and client-centered care in treating a preschool child who stutters. Lang Speech Hear Serv in Sch. 2018;49(1):13-22. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Nippold MA. Stuttering in preschool children: direct versus indirect treatment. Lang Speech Hear Serv in Sch. 2018;49(1):4-12. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zebrowski PM. Stuttering. In: Tomblin JB, Morris HL, Spriestersbach DC, eds. Diagnosis in Speech-Language Pathology. Vol. 8. 2nd ed. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group; 2002. p.199-231.
- Millard SK, Zebrowski P, Kelman E. Palin parent-child interaction therapy: the bigger picture. Am J Speech Language Pathol. 2018;27(3S):1211-23. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sonneville-Koedoot C, Stolk E, Rietveld T, Franken MC. Direct versus indirect treatment for preschool children who stutter: the RESTART randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 2015;28;10(7):e0133758. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Vanryckeghem M, De Niels T, Vanrobaeys S. The KiddyCAT: A test-retest reliability investigation. Cross Cultural Communication. 2015;11(4):10-6. [Link]
- WęsierskA K, Vanryckeghem M, Jeziorczak B, Wilk B. Porównanie postaw komunikacyjnych mówiących płynnie i jąkających się polskojęzycznych dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym [A comparison of communicative attitudes of stuttering and nonstuttering Polish-speaking preschool children]. Forum Logopedyczne. 2014;22:70-9. [Link]
- Wesierska K, Vanryckeghem M. A comparison of communicative attitudes among stuttering and nonstuttering Polish preschoolers using the KiddyCAT. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;193: 278-84. [Crossref]
- Bernardini S, Vanryckeghem M, Brutten G, Cocco L, Zmarich C. Communication attitude of Italian children who do and do not stutter. J Commun Disord. 2009;42(2):155-61. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- De Nil L, Brutten G. Speech-associated attitudes of stuttering and nonstuttering children. J Speech Hear Res. 1991;34(1):60-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Guitar B. Pretreatment factors associated with outcome of stuttering therapy. J Speech Hear Res. 1976;19(3):590-600. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi