İlk kez 2017 yılında tanımlanmış olan osteosarkopeni; kemik yoğunluğu, kas kütlesi ve bu 2 dokunun fonksiyon kaybı ile karakterize bir geriatrik sendromdur. Klinikte 2 kronik kas-iskelet sistemi sorunu olan osteoporoz ve sarkopeninin birlikteliği ile tanımlanır. Osteosarkopenili bireyler daha yüksek kırık, düşme, morbidite ve mortalite riski ile karşı karşıya olup yaşlı bireylerin yaşam kalitesini düşürmektedir. Çeşitli çalışmalar, osteosarkopeni prevalansının %5-37 arasında değiştiğini göstermektedir. Ülkemizde ise osteosarkopeni oldukça yeni bir kavram olup yapılan prevalans çalışmaları yetersizdir. Osteosarkopeninin patogenezi çok faktörlüdür. Osteoporoz ve sarkopeni mekanizmaları ile benzerlikler gösterirken tanı ve tedavilerinde de aynı yöntemler kullanılabilmektedir. Sendromun yavaşlatılması veya durdurulması için osteoporoz ve sarkopenide olduğu gibi öncelikle kas ve kemik metabolizmasını hedef alan tedavi yöntemlerine odaklanılmalıdır. Bu tedavi yöntemleri arasında egzersiz, farmakolojik müdahaleler, yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri ve spesifik besin ögesi takviyeleri yer almaktadır. Literatürde osteoporoz ve sarkopeninin beslenme tedavisi ile protein, kalsiyum, D vitamini ve omega-3 yağ asitleri hakkında çeşitli çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmalarda, yaşlı bireylerin günde en az 1,2 g/kg protein; 1.000 IU D vitamini ve 500-600 mg kalsiyum alması önerilirken, omega-3 yağ asitleri hakkında ortak bir kanıya ulaşılamamıştır. Türkçe literatürde osteosarkopeni ve beslenme yaklaşımları hakkında yapılmış kapsamlı ve güncel bilgilerden oluşan bir derlemeye rastlanmamıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı, güncel araştırmalar ışığında osteosarkopeninin tanımı, epidemiyolojisi ve beslenme tedavisini özetlemektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: D vitamini; kalsiyum; omega-3 yağ asitleri; osteosarkopeni; protein
Osteosarcopenia, which was first described in 2017; it is a geriatric syndrome characterized by loss of bone density, muscle mass and function of these two tissues. It is clinically defined by the coexistence of chronic musculoskeletal problems, osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Individuals with osteosarcopenia are at higher risk of fractures, falls, morbidity and mortality, and lower the quality of life of elderly individuals. Various studies show that the prevalence of osteosarcopenia varies between 5-37%. In our country, osteosarcopenia is fairly new concept and prevalence studies are insufficient. The pathogenesis of osteosarcopenia is multifactorial. While they show similarities with the mechanisms of osteoporosis and sarcopenia, the same methods can be used in their diagnosis and treatment. In order to slow down or stop the syndrome, first of all, treatment methods that target muscle and bone metabolism should be focused on, as in osteoporosis and sarcopenia. These treatment modalities include exercise, pharmacological interventions, lifestyle changes, and specific nutritional supplements. In the literature, there are various studies on the nutritional treatment of osteoporosis and sarcopenia and on protein, calcium, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids. In these studies, at least 1.2 g/kg/day of protein, 1,000 IU of vitamin D and 500-600 mg of calcium; while it is recommended to take, there is no consensus on omega-3 fatty acids. No comprehensive and up-to-date information about osteosarcopenia and nutritional approaches has been found in the Turkish literature. The aim of this review is to summarize the definition, epidemiology and nutritional therapy of osteosarcopenia in the light of current research.
Keywords: Vitamin D; calcium; omega-3 fatty acids; osteosarcopenia; protein
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