Oküler ilaç uygulamaları, gözün yapısal karmaşıklığı ve savunma mekanizmaları nedeniyle oftalmologlar ve oküler ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler üzerine çalışan bilim insanları için çok zorlu bir alandır. Farklı kornea katmanları, sklera, konjonktival kan akışı, gözyaşı seyreltmesi ve kan retina bariyeri gibi engeller, gözün anterior ve posterior kısımlarına ilaç uygulanması etkinliğini sınırlamaktadır. Konvansiyonel oküler ilaç uygulama şekilleri arasında oküler göz damlası tüketiciler tarafından yaygın olarak tercih edilmektedir. Fakat bu göz damlalarının oküler bariyerlerden emilimi sınırlı olduğu için düşük biyoyararlanıma sahiptir bu sebeple sık uygulama gerektirmektedir. Bu durum ise hasta uyuncunu azaltmaktadır. Ayrıca bazı durumlarda etkin maddenin çözelti şeklinde hazırlanması mümkün olmamaktadır. Bu sebeple yine damla şeklinde kullanılabilen süspansiyon, emülsiyon gibi farklı dozaj şekilleri de geliştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Fakat bu tarz formülasyonlar da formülasyona bağlı stabilite ve yüksek viskozite gibi ciddi sıkıntılar barındırmaktadır. Hem gözün yapısal sorunları hem de dozaj şekillerinde istenilen etkilerin elde edilememesi araştırmacıları farklı çalışmalara itmektedir. Bu nedenle bilim insanları, göze ilaç verme potansiyelini ve dolayısıyla tedavi etkinliğini artırmak için çeşitli ilaç taşıyıcı sistemleri tasarlamış ve incelemişlerdir. Nanopartikül, lipozom, mikroemülsiyon, insert ve ilaç yüklü kontakt lens gibi yeni ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler son zamanlarda geleneksel ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlere alternatif olarak araştırılmaktadır. Bu tarz yeni ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler oküler ilaç uygulama açısından umut verici olsa da üstesinden gelinmesi gereken sorunlar da bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede çeşitli geleneksel ve yeni ilaç taşıyıcı formülasyonlar özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Göz; göz damlası; oküler ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler
Ocular drug applications are a challenging area for ophthalmologists and scientists developing drug delivery systems due to the structural and barrier complexity of the eye. Obstacles such as different corneal layers, sclera, conjunctival blood flow, tear dilution, and blood retinal barrier limit the effectiveness of drug administration to the anterior and posterior parts of the eye. Among the conventional ocular drug administration forms, ocular eye drops are widely preferred by patients. However, these eye drops have low bioavailability due to the ocular barrier and therefore require frequent application. This situation reduces patient compliance. In addition, in some cases, it isn't possible to prepare the active substance in solution form. For this reason, different dosage forms such as suspension and emulsion, which can be used in drops form, are also being developed. However, such formulations also have serious problems such as formulation-related stability and high viscosity. Both the structural problems of the eye and the inability to achieve the desired effects in dosage forms push researchers to different studies. For this reason, scientists have designed and studied various drug delivery systems to increase the drug delivery potential to the eye and thus the treatment efficacy. New drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, inserts, and drug-loaded contact lenses have recently been investigated as an alternative to conventional drug delivery systems. Although such new drug delivery systems provide a glimmer of hope for ocular drug delivery, there are still problems to be overcome. In this review, various traditional and new drug delivery formulations have been tried to be summarized.
Keywords: Eye; eye drop; ocular drug delivery systems
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