Obezite prevalansının artış göstermeye devam etmesiyle birlikte, bulaşıcı hastalık üzerindeki rolü konusunda farkındalık artmaya başlamıştır. H1N1 influenza A (2009) pandemisi ile obezite ilk kez hastalık şiddeti ve mortalite için risk faktörü olarak tanımlanmıştır. Aynı şekilde bugün obezite, COVID-19 pandemisi için de bağımsız bir risk faktörü olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Aşırı beslenme sonucu gelişen obezite, vücutta sistemik etkileri olan düşük düzeyde kronik inflamasyona neden olmaktadır. Bu durum obez bireylerde kronik metabolik hastalıkları ve enfeksiyonlara karşı duyarlılığı artırmaktadır. Obez bireyler enfeksiyonlara karşı geç ve etkin olmayan antiviral immün yanıtlar sergilemektedir. Ayrıca obez bireylerde tedavide kullanılan ilaç ve aşıların etkinliği azalmakta ve bu durum şiddetli hastalık dönemlerine ve daha az iyileşme oranına neden olmaktadır. Hubei eyaletinin Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkan pandemik SARS-CoV-2 virüsü de özellikle obezitenin fazla olduğu Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa ülkeleri başta olmak üzere dünya genelinde yayılmaya devam etmektedir. İnsanlarda ve hayvan modellerinde yapılan çalışmalar, obezitenin alt solunum yollarına viral yayılımı artırabileceğini ve sekonder enfeksiyonlara neden olarak hastalık şiddetini ve mortaliteyi artırabileceğini vurgulamaktadır. Artık çocukluk çağında dahi artış gösteren obezite, gelecek jenerasyon için sağlık riskini artıran önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Obezitede gün geçtikçe hızlanan bu yükseliş trendinin bulaşıcı hastalıklar üzerine etkisi, ilerleyen yıllarda sağlık harcamalarının artması ile birlikte küresel çapta daha önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Obezite; enfeksiyon; immün sistem; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2
As the prevalence of obesity continues to increase, awareness of its role on infectious disease has begun to increase. With H1N1 influenza A (2009) pandemic, obesity was first defined as a risk factor for disease severity and mortality. Similarly, obesity is considered an independent risk factor for COVID-19 pandemic today. Obesity due to overfeeding causes low levels of chronic inflammation with systemic effects on the body. This situation increases the susceptibility to chronic metabolic diseases and infections in obese individuals. Obese individuals show late and ineffective antiviral immune responses to infections. In addition, the effectiveness of drugs and vaccines used in the treatment of obese individuals decreases and this causes severe disease periods and less recovery rate. The pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus, which occurs in Wuhan, Hubei province, continues to spread worldwide, especially in North America and European countries where obesity is high. Studies in humans and animal models emphasize that obesity can increase viral spread to the lower respiratory tract and increase disease severity and mortality by causing secondary infections. Obesity, which is now increasing even in childhood, is an important public health problem that increases health risk for the next generation. The effect of this rising trend, which has been accelerating day by day in obesity, will be a more important problem on a global scale with the increase in health expenditures in the following years.
Keywords: Obesity; infection; immun system; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2
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