Obezite, vücudun kabul edilebilir ölçülerin üzerinde aşırı yağlanması durumudur. Çocuklarda obezite oranları giderek artmaktadır ve XXI. yüzyılın en ciddi küresel sağlık sorunlarından biri hâline gelmiştir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü verilerine göre 2016 yılında kız çocukların %6'sı, erkek çocukların %8'i obezdir. Türkiye'de özellikle son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar, çocuk ve adölesanlarda obezite sıklığının %10'un üzerine çıktığını göstermektedir. Çocuklarda ve adölesanlarda obeziteye neden olan pek çok faktör rol oynamaktadır. Genetik özellikler, kültürel, çevresel ve davranışsal farklılıklar gibi faktörler, enerji alımı ile enerji harcaması arasındaki dengeyi bozarak, obezitenin meydana gelmesine sebep olmaktadır. Sadece pankreatik lipaz inhibitörü olan orlistat isimli ilaç, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi tarafından 12 yaş ve üstü adölesanlarda uzun vadeli obezite yönetimi için onaylanmıştır. Obezite, ilaçların farmakokinetiğini etkileyebilecek çeşitli patofizyolojik değişikliklerle ilişkilidir. Obezitede reçete edilen ilaçların çoğu subterapötik ya da supraterapötik konsantrasyonlarla tedavide başarısızlığa ve ilaç toksisite riskine neden olmaktadır. Sunulan derlemede, hastanede yatan obez çocuk ve adölesanlara en sık reçete edilen ilaçlar için mevcut obeziteye özgü farmakokinetik ve doz bilgileri sunularak tartışılmıştır. Klinisyenlerin obez çocuk ve adölesanlarda organ/doku ilaç konsantrasyonu düşüklüğü veya ilaç toksisitesiyle ilgili potansiyel ilaç tedavisi başarısızlıklarında farkındalıklarını artırmak önemlidir. Obez çocuk ve adölesanlarda ilaç cevabının olası yan etkilerin yakından izlenmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Obezite; çocuk; pediatri; farmakokinetik
Obesity is the condition of excessive fatness of the body beyond acceptable limits. Child obesity rates are on the rise and have become one of the most serious global health problems of the 21st century. According to the data of the World Health Organization, 6% of girls and 8% of boys are obese in 2016. Studies conducted in Turkey, especially in recent years, shows that children and adolescents, the prevalence of obesity exceeds 10%. There are many factors that cause obesity in children and adolescents. Factors such as genetic features, cultural, environmental and behavioral differences cause obesity by disrupting the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The drug called orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for long-term obesity management in adolescents aged 12 years and older. Obesity is associated with various pathophysiological changes that can affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Most drugs prescribed for obesity cause treatment failure with sub-therapeutic or supra-therapeutic concentrations and the risk of drug toxicity. In the presented review, current obesity-specific pharmacokinetics and dosage information for the drugs most frequently prescribed to hospitalized obese children and adolescents are presented and discussed. It is important to raise the awareness of clinicians about potential drug therapy failures related to low organ/tissue drug concentration or drug toxicity in obese children and adolescents. It is important to closely monitor drug response and side effects in obese children and adolescents.
Keywords: Obesity; children; pediatrics; pharmacokinetic
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