.: ORİJİNAL ARAŞTIRMA
Mycotoxin Analysis in Pollen and Bee Bread Samples: Experimental Study
Polen ve Arı Ekmeği Örneklerinde Mikotoksin Analizi: Deneysel Araştırma
J Tradit Complem Med. 2024;7(3):225-31
doi: 10.5336/jtracom.2024-102502
Makale Dili: EN
Tam Metin
ABSTRACT
Objective: Apitherapy is the use of bee products such as honey, pollen, bee bread, royal jelly, propolis and bee venom to protect against diseases and support healing. However, it is important that these products do not contain residues and contaminants. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the contaminant content by performing aflatoxin and ochratoxin analysis on pollen and bee bread samples obtained from different geographical regions. Material and Methods: In this study, moisture, dry matter, ash, protein and mycotoxin content of 18 pollen (Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aydın, Silifke, Niğde, Bursa, Denizli, Isparta, Kütahya, İzmir, Afyon) and 2 bee bread samples (Kırşehir and Nevşehir) obtained from beekeepers were analyzed. Results: The moisture content of the samples is between 13.82% and 29.10% (average 17.80), dry matter content is between 70.90 and 86.18 (average 82.20), ash is between 1.60% and 3.32% (average 2.11) and protein content is between 15.06% and 27.95% (average of 20.49). Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1, Aflatoxin G2 and total Aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2) levels were not detected above the detection limit (0.60 μg/kg) in any of the samples tested. Conclusion: According to the results obtained, the mycotoxin analysis values of pollen and bee bread samples obtained from different regions of our country were found to be in accordance with the Turkish Food Codex Limits.
Keywords: Pollen; bee bread; chemical analysis; aflatoxin; mycotoxin
Objective: Apitherapy is the use of bee products such as honey, pollen, bee bread, royal jelly, propolis and bee venom to protect against diseases and support healing. However, it is important that these products do not contain residues and contaminants. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the contaminant content by performing aflatoxin and ochratoxin analysis on pollen and bee bread samples obtained from different geographical regions. Material and Methods: In this study, moisture, dry matter, ash, protein and mycotoxin content of 18 pollen (Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aydın, Silifke, Niğde, Bursa, Denizli, Isparta, Kütahya, İzmir, Afyon) and 2 bee bread samples (Kırşehir and Nevşehir) obtained from beekeepers were analyzed. Results: The moisture content of the samples is between 13.82% and 29.10% (average 17.80), dry matter content is between 70.90 and 86.18 (average 82.20), ash is between 1.60% and 3.32% (average 2.11) and protein content is between 15.06% and 27.95% (average of 20.49). Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1, Aflatoxin G2 and total Aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2) levels were not detected above the detection limit (0.60 μg/kg) in any of the samples tested. Conclusion: According to the results obtained, the mycotoxin analysis values of pollen and bee bread samples obtained from different regions of our country were found to be in accordance with the Turkish Food Codex Limits.
Keywords: Pollen; bee bread; chemical analysis; aflatoxin; mycotoxin
ÖZET
Amaç: Apiterapi bal, polen, arı ekmeği, arı sütü, propolis ve arı zehiri gibi arı ürünlerinin hastalıklardan koruma ve tedaviye destek amacıyla kullanımıdır. Ancak bu ürünlerin kalıntı ve bulaşan içermemesi önemlidir. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmada farklı coğrafik bölgelerden elde edilen polen ve arı ekmeği örneklerinde aflotoksin ve okratoksin analizi yapılarak bulaşan içeriğini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, arıcılardan elde edilen 18 polen (Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aydın, Silifke, Niğde, Bursa, Denizli, Isparta, Kütahya, İzmir, Afyon) ve 2 arı ekmeğinin (Kırşehir ve Nevşehir) nem, kuru madde, kül, protein ve mikotoksin içerikleri analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Numunelerin nem içeriği %13,82 ile %29.10 (ortalama 17,80), kuru madde içeriği 70,90 ile 86,18 (ortalama 82,20), kül içeriği %1,60 ile %3,32 (ortalama 2,11) arasında ve protein içeriği ise %15,06 ve %27,95 (ortalama 20,49) arasında bulunmuştur. Aflatoksin B1, Aflatoksin B2, Aflatoksin G1, Aflatoksin G2 ve toplam Aflatoksin (B1+B2+G1+G2) düzeyleri test edilen örneklerde tespit sınırının (0,60 µg/kg) üzerinde bulunmadı. Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ülkemizin farklı bölgelerinden alınan polen ve bee bread örneklerinin mikotoksin analiz değerlerinin Türk Gıda Kodeksi Limitlerine uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Polen; arı ekmeği; kimyasal analiz; aflatoksin; mikotoksin
Amaç: Apiterapi bal, polen, arı ekmeği, arı sütü, propolis ve arı zehiri gibi arı ürünlerinin hastalıklardan koruma ve tedaviye destek amacıyla kullanımıdır. Ancak bu ürünlerin kalıntı ve bulaşan içermemesi önemlidir. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmada farklı coğrafik bölgelerden elde edilen polen ve arı ekmeği örneklerinde aflotoksin ve okratoksin analizi yapılarak bulaşan içeriğini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, arıcılardan elde edilen 18 polen (Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aydın, Silifke, Niğde, Bursa, Denizli, Isparta, Kütahya, İzmir, Afyon) ve 2 arı ekmeğinin (Kırşehir ve Nevşehir) nem, kuru madde, kül, protein ve mikotoksin içerikleri analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Numunelerin nem içeriği %13,82 ile %29.10 (ortalama 17,80), kuru madde içeriği 70,90 ile 86,18 (ortalama 82,20), kül içeriği %1,60 ile %3,32 (ortalama 2,11) arasında ve protein içeriği ise %15,06 ve %27,95 (ortalama 20,49) arasında bulunmuştur. Aflatoksin B1, Aflatoksin B2, Aflatoksin G1, Aflatoksin G2 ve toplam Aflatoksin (B1+B2+G1+G2) düzeyleri test edilen örneklerde tespit sınırının (0,60 µg/kg) üzerinde bulunmadı. Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ülkemizin farklı bölgelerinden alınan polen ve bee bread örneklerinin mikotoksin analiz değerlerinin Türk Gıda Kodeksi Limitlerine uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Polen; arı ekmeği; kimyasal analiz; aflatoksin; mikotoksin
REFERANSLAR:
- Borg M, Brownfield L, Twell D. Male gametophyte development: a molecular perspective. J Exp Bot. 2009;60(5):1465-78. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Campos MGR, Bogdanov S, Bicudo de Almeida-Muradian L, Szczesna T, Mancebo Y, Frigerio CH, et al. Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods. J Apic Res. 2008;47(2):156-63. [Crossref]
- Bakour M, Laaroussi H, Ousaaid D, El Ghouizi A, Es-Safi I, Mechchate H, et al. Bee Bread as a Promising source of bioactive molecules and functional properties: an up-to-date review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(2):203. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Almedia-Muradian LB, Pamlona LC, Coimbra S, Ortrud MB. Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pellets. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2005;18(1):105-11. [Crossref]
- Mărgăoan R, Mărghitaş LA, Dezmirean DS, Dulf FV, Bunea A, Socaci SA, et al. Predominant and secondary pollen botanical origins influence the carotenoid and fatty acid profile in fresh honeybee-collected pollen. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(27):6306-16. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bennett JW, Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(3):497-516. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- EC Comission. Setting of maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs-Regulation no: 1881/2006. Official Journal of the EU. 2006; L364, 5-24. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2024. [Link]
- Serra-Bonvehi J, Escola Jorda R. Nutrient composition and microbiological quality of honey bee-collected pollen in Spain. J Agric Food Chem. 1997;45(3):725-32. [Crossref]
- Medina A, González G, Saez JM, Mateo R, Jiménez M. Bee pollen, a substrate that stimulates ochratoxin a production by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 2004;27:261-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Garcia-Villanova RJ, Cordón C, González Paramás AM, Aparicio P, Garcia Rosales ME. Simultaneous immunoaffinity column cleanup and HPLC analysis of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in Spanish bee pollen. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(24):7235-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Carrera MA, Miguel E, Fernandez-Alba A, Hernando MD.First survey on the presence of mycotoxins in commercial bee pollen sourced from 28 countries. Food Control 2023;152(3):109816. [Crossref]
- Zaijun L, Zhongyun W, Xiulan S, Yinjun F, Peipei C. A sensitive and highly stable electrochemical impedance immunosensor based on the formation of silica gel-ionic liquid biocompatible film on the glassy carbon electrode for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in bee pollen. Talanta. 2010;80(5):1632-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sinkeviciene J, Taraseviciene Z, Tamutis, V. Fusarium Fungi and Mycotoxins in Bee Pollen Collected in Lithuania. Appl. Sci. 2023;13(3):1571. [Crossref]
- Kačániová M, Juráček M, Chlebo R, Kňazovická V, Kadasi-Horáková M, Kunová S, et al. Mycobiota and mycotoxins in bee pollen collected from different areas of Slovakia. J Environ Sci Health B. 2011;46(7):623-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cirigliano AM, RodríguezMA, Godeas AM, Cabrera GM. Mycotoxins from beehive pollen mycoflora. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 2014;3(7):966-72. [Crossref]
- Deveza MV, Keller KM, Lorenzon MC, Nunes LM, Sales ÉO, Barth OM. Mycotoxicological and palynological profiles of commercial brands of dried bee pollen. Braz J Microbiol. 2015;46(4):1171-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Vidal A, Mengelers M, Yang S, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Mycotoxin biomarkers of exposure: a comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2018;17(5):1127-55. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Seo JA, Yu JH. Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. An Z. ed. Handbook of Industrial Mycology. 1st ed. New York: Marcell Dekker; 2005. p.749. [Crossref]
- Narayanasamy P. Postharvest Pathogens and Disease Management. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience; 2006. p.582. [Crossref] [PMC]
- Ellis WO, Smith JP, Simpson BK, Oldham JH. Aflatoxins in food: occurrence, biosynthesis, effects on organisms, detection, and methods of control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1991;30(4):403-39. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bullerman LB. Significance of Mycotoxins to Food Safety and Human Health1,2. J Food Prot. 1979;42(1):65-86. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Anderson S. Determination of fat, moisture, and protein in meat and meat products by using the FOSS FoodScan Near-Infrared Spectrophotometer with FOSS Artificial Neural Network Calibration Model and Associated Database: collaborative study. J AOAC Int. 2007;90(4):1073-83. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Weaver CM, Trucksess MW. Determination of aflatoxins in botanical roots by a modification of AOAC Official Method 991.31: single-laboratory validation. J AOAC Int. 2010;93(1):184-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Şengül Ü. Comparing determination methods of detection and quantification limits for aflatoxin analysis in hazelnut. J Food Drug Anal. 2016;24(1):56-62. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- AOAC. Dumas combustion method, AOAC method 992.15. Official Method Of Analysis. 17th ed. 2002. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2014. Erişim linki: [Link]
- Gilliam M. Microbiology of pollen and bee bread: the yeasts. Apidologie. 1979;10(1):43-53. [Crossref]
- Campos GRM, Frigerio C, Lopes J, Bogdanov S. What is the future of bee-pollen? J Apiprod Apimed Sci. 2010;2(4):131-44. [Crossref]
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain of the EFSA on a request from the Commission related to ochratoxin A in food. The EFSA Journal 2006;4(6):365. [Crossref]
- Xue X, Selvaraj JN, Zhao L, Dong H, Liu F, Liu Y. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in bee pollen by low-temperature fat precipitation and immunoaffinity column clean up coupled with LC-MS/MS. Food Anal Met. 2014;7(3):690-6. [Crossref]
- González G, Hinojo MJ, Mateo R, Medina A, Jiménez M. Occurrence of mycotoxin producing fungi in bee pollen. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005;105(1):1-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kostić AZ, Petrović TS, Krnjaja VS, Nedić NM, Te?ić ZL, Milojković-Opsenica DM. et al. Mold/aflatoxin contamination of honey bee collected pollen from different Serbian regions. J Apic Res. 2017;56(1):13-20. [Crossref]
- Petrović T, Nedić N, Paunović D, RajićJ, Matović K, Radulović Z. et al. Natural mycobiota and aflatoxin B1 presence in bee pollen collected in Serbia. Biotechnol Anim Husb. 2014;30(4):731-74. [Crossref]
- Pitta M, Markaki P. Study of aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus parasiticus in bee pollen of Greek origin. Mycotoxin Res. 2010;26(4):229-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Resmî Gazete (5.11.2023, Sayı: 32360) sayılı Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği; 2023. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2024. Erişim linki: [Link]
.: İşlem Listesi