Amaç: Çocukluk çağı travmaları (ÇÇT)nın, erişkin dönemde ortaya çıkan çok sayıda ruhsal bozukluğun etiyolojisinde önemli bir rolü vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, majör depresif bozukluk (MDB) tanısı alan hastalarda, ÇÇT'nin cinsel işlev üzerine olan etkilerini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Polikliniğine ardışık sıra ile başvuran, 'The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV-R' tanı ölçütlerine göre MDB tanısı alan 112 olgu dâhil edilmiştir. Tüm olgulara sosyodemografik veri formu, Hamilton Depresyon Derecelendirme Ölçeği, çocukluk çağı ruhsal travmaları ölçeği, Arizona Cinsel Yaşantılar Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılanların 86 (%81,1)'sı kadın, 20 (%18,9)'si erkek idi. Olguların %68,9'unda ÇÇT öyküsünün olduğu, %56,6'sında duygusal istismar, %37,7'sinde fiziksel istismar, %34'ünde cinsel istismar, %53,8'inde duygusal ihmal ve %44,3'ünde ise fiziksel ihmal bulunduğu belirlendi. Depresyon düzeyi ve cinsel problem varlığı ile ÇÇT toplam ve tüm alt tipleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark elde edilemedi. Bununla birlikte, ÇÇT öyküsü olmayan olgulardan farklı olarak, ÇÇT öyküsü bulunan olgularda depresyon düzeyi arttıkça cinsel problemlerin de arttığı saptandı. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, ÇÇT ve tüm alt boyutları ile cinsel problem varlığı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı sonucu elde edilmiştir. Ancak çalışmamızda, MDB tanılı olgulardaki yüksek oranda ÇÇT öyküsünün bulunması ve ÇÇT bulunan hastalarda depresyon düzeyi arttıkça, cinsel problem düzeyinin de artması dikkat çekici bulgulardır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Cinsel işlev bozukluğu; çocukluk çağı travması; majör depresif bozukluk
Objective: Childhood traumatic experiences (CTE) have an important role in the etiology of many psychiatric disorders that occur in adulthood. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of CTE on sexual function in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). Material and Methods: 112 cases who were admitted to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic consecutively and diagnosed with MDD according to DSM IV-R diagnostic criteria were included in the study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, childhood trauma questionnaire, Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale were applied to all cases. Results: 86 (81.1%) of the participants were female and 20 (18.9%) were male. It was determined that 68.9% of the cases had a history of CTE, 56.6% emotional abuse, 37.7% physical abuse, 34% sexual abuse, 53.8% emotional neglect, and 44.3% physical neglect. No statistically significant difference was found between the level of depression and the presence of sexual problems, between the total and all subtypes of the CTE. However, unlike those without a history of CTE, in cases with an history of CTE, sexual problems increased as the level of depression increased. Conclusion: In our study, it was concluded that there was no significant relationship between CTE, all its sub-dimensions and the presence of sexual problems. However, in our study, there was a high level of CTE in patients with MDD and it is noteworthy that in patients with CTE, the level of sexual problems increases as the level of depression increases.
Keywords: Sexual disfunction; childhood trauma; major depressive disorder
- Zoroğlu SS, Tüzün Ü, Şar V, Öztürk M, Eröcal Kora M, Alyanak B, et al. [Probable results of childhood abuse and neglect]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2001;2(2):69-78.[Link]
- Helvacı Çelik FG, Hocaoğlu Ç. [Childhood traumas: a review]. Sakarya Med J. 2018;8(4):695-711.[Crossref]
- Bostancı N, Albayrak B, Bakoğlu İ, Çoban Ş. [The Effect of Childhood Traumas on Depressive Symptoms in University Students]. New/Yeni Symposium Journal. 2006;44(2):100-6.[Link]
- Oral R, Ramirez M, Coohey C, Nakada S, Walz A, Kuntz A, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and trauma informed care: the future of health care. Pediatr Res. 2016;79(1-2):227-33.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Russo M, Mahon K, Shanahan M, Solon C, Ramjas E, Turpin J, et al. The association between childhood trauma and facial emotion recognition in adults with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015;30;229(3):771-6.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Burns EE, Fischer S, Jackson JL, Harding HG. Deficits in emotion regulation mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and later eating disorder symptoms. Child Abuse Negl. 2012;36(1):32-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Carpenter L, Chung MC. Childhood trauma in obsessive compulsive disorder: the roles of alexithymia and attachment. Psychol Psychother. 2011;84(4):367-88.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sar V, Islam S, Oztürk E. Childhood emotional abuse and dissociation in patients with conversion symptoms. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63(5):670-7.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Grote NK, Spieker SJ, Lohr MJ, Geibel SL, Swartz HA, Frank E, et al. Impact of childhood trauma on the outcomes of a perinatal depression trial. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(7):563-73.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Boroughs MS, Valentine SE, Ironson GH, Shipherd JC, Safren SA, Taylor SW, et al. Complexity of childhood sexual abuse: predictors of current post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, substance use, and sexual risk behavior among adult men who have sex with men. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44(7):1891-902.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cong E, Li Y, Shao C, Chen J, Wu W, Shang X, et al. Childhood sexual abuse and the risk for recurrent major depression in Chinese women. Psychol Med. 2012;42(2):409-17.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Schilling EA, Aseltine RH Jr, Gore S. Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health. 2007;7;7:30.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gökler R. Eğitimde çocuk istismarı ve ihmaline genel bir bakış. TSA Dergisi. 2006;10:47-76.
- United Nations Children's Fund, Measuring and Monitoring Child Protection Systems: Proposed Core Indicators for the East Asia and Pacific Region, Strengthening Child Protection Series No. 1., UNICEF EAPRO, Bangkok, 2012.(Date of Access: 2014).[Link]
- van Veen T, Wardenaar KJ, Carlier IV, Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, Zitman FG, et al. Are childhood and adult life adversities differentially associated with specific symptom dimensions of depression and anxiety? Testing the tripartite model. J Affect Disord. 2013;5;146(2):238-45.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Schulz A, Becker M, Van der Auwera S, Barnow S, Appel K, Mahler J, et al. The impact of childhood trauma on depression: does resilience matter? Population-based results from the Study of Health in Pomerania. J Psychosom Res. 2014;77(2):97-103.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Teicher MH, Samson JA, Polcari A, Andersen SL. Length of time between onset of childhood sexual abuse and emergence of depression in a young adult sample: a retrospective clinical report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(5):684-91.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Penza KM, Heim C, Nemeroff CB. Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse: implications for the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003;6(1):15-22.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vallati M, Cunningham S, Mazurka R, Stewart JG, Larocque C, Milev RV, et al. Childhood maltreatment and the clinical characteristics of major depressive disorder in adolescence and adulthood. J Abnorm Psychol. 2020;129(5):469-79.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hjelseng IV, Vaskinn A, Ueland T, Lunding SH, Reponen EJ, Steen NE, et al. Childhood trauma is associated with poorer social functioning in severe mental disorders both during an active illness phase and in remission. Schizophr Res. 2020;25:S0920-9964(20)30118-3.[PubMed]
- Taştan U, Saatçioğlu Ö, Özmen E, Erkmen H. [Anxiety in men with sexual dysfunction]. Yeni Sempozyum Dergisi. 2005;43(1):38-44.[Link]
- Doğan S. [Sexual dysfunctions, depression and antidepressants]. J Mood Disorders. 2011;1(2):81-6.[Crossref]
- Pulverman CS, Meston CM. Sexual dysfunction in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse: The role of sexual shame. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(3):291-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pulverman CS, Kilimnik CD, Meston CM. The impact of childhood sexual abuse on women's sexual health: a comprehensive review. Sex Med Rev. 2018;6(2):188-200.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Akdemir A, Dönbak Örsel S, Dağ İ, Türkçapar MH, İşcan N, Özbay H, et al. [Clinical use and the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)]. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi. 1996;4(4):251-9.[Link]
- Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(2):169-90.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Şar V, Öztürk E, İkikardeş E. [Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of childhood trauma questionnaire]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2012;32(4):1054-63.[Crossref]
- McGahuey CA, Gelenberg AJ, Laukes CA, Moreno FA, Delgado PL, McKnight KM, et al. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX): reliability and validity. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000;26(1):25-40.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Soykan A. The reliability and validity of Arizona sexual experiences scale in Turkish ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16(6):531-4.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Özkürkçügil A, Aydemir Ö, Yıldız M, Danacı AE, Köroğlu E. DSM-IV Eksen I bozuklukları için yapılandırılmış klinik görüşmenin Türkçeye uyarlanması ve güvenilirlik çalışması. İlaç ve Tedavi Dergisi. 1999;12(4):233-6.
- Sagud M, Hotujac Lj, Mihaljević-Peles A, Jakovljević M. Gender differences in depression. Coll Antropol. 2002;26(1):149-57.[PubMed]
- Fang G, Yu H, Zhi S, Xi M, Peng Z, Cai M, et al. Sex differences in intergenerational transfer risk of major depressive disorder. Med Sci Monit. 2019;23;25:9887-92.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Qi X, Fan H, Yang X, Chen Y, Deng W, Guo W, et al. High level of pattern glare in major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;21;19(1):415.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Zhang YS, Rao WW, Cui LJ, Li JF, Li L, Ng CH, et al. Prevalence of major depressive disorder and its socio-demographic correlates in the general adult population in Hebei province, China. J Affect Disord. 2019;1;252:92-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Arias-de la Torre J, Vilagut G, Martín V, Molina AJ, Alonso J. Prevalence of major depressive disorder and association with personal and socio-economic factors. Results for Spain of the European Health Interview Survey 2014-2015. J Affect Disord. 2018;15;239:203-7.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nurmela K, Mattila A, Heikkinen V, Uitti J, Ylinen A, Virtanen P, et al. Identification of major depressive disorder among the long-term unemployed. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(1):45-52.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Maske UE, Buttery AK, Beesdo-Baum K, Riedel-Heller S, Hapke U, Busch MA, et al. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV-TR major depressive disorder, self-reported diagnosed depression and current depressive symptoms among adults in Germany. J Affect Disord. 2016;15;190:167-77.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wright MO, Crawford E, Del Castillo D. Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: the mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(1):59-68.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Springer KW, Sheridan J, Kuo D, Carnes M. Long-term physical and mental health consequences of childhood physical abuse: results from a large population-based sample of men and women. Child Abuse Negl. 2007;31(5):517-30.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kim J, Cicchetti D. Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;51(6):706-16.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hyun M, Friedman SD, Dunner DL. Relationship of childhood physical and sexual abuse to adult bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2(2):131-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Widom CS, DuMont K, Czaja SJ. A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(1):49-56.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Moskvina V, Farmer A, Swainson V, O'Leary J, Gunasinghe C, Owen M, et al. Interrelationship of childhood trauma, neuroticism, and depressive phenotype. Depress Anxiety. 2007;24(3):163-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Shi L. Childhood abuse and neglect in an outpatient clinical sample: prevalence and impact. Am J Fam Ther. 2013;41(3):198-211.[Crossref]
- Hayes RD, Dennerstein L, Bennett CM, Fairley CK. What is the "true" prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions and does the way we assess these conditions have an impact? J Sex Med. 2008;5(4):777-87.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dovran A, Winje D, Arefjord K, Tobiassen S, Stokke K, Skogen JC, et al. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and adversities later in life. Survey data from a high-risk Norwegian sample. Child Abuse Negl. 2019;98:104234.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bonierbale M, Lançon C, Tignol J. The ELIXIR study: evaluation of sexual dysfunction in 4557 depressed patients in France. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(2):114-24.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Noll JG, Trickett PK, Putnam FW. A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71(3):575-86.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Laumann EO, Nicolosi A, Glasser DB, Paik A, Gingell C, Moreira E, et al; GSSAB Investigators' Group. Sexual problems among women and men aged 40-80 y: prevalence and correlates identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17(1):39-57.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zollman G, Rellini A, Desrocher D. The mediating effect of daily stress on the sexual arousal function of women with a history of childhood sexual abuse. J Sex Marital Ther. 2013;39(2):176-92.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Devi F, Shahwan S, Teh WL, Sambasivam R, Zhang YJ, Lau YW, et al. The prevalence of childhood trauma in psychiatric outpatients. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2019;14;18:15.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Arriola KR, Louden T, Doldren MA, Fortenberry RM. A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to HIV risk behavior among women. Child Abuse Negl. 2005;29(6):725-46.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Feiring C, Simon VA, Cleland CM. Childhood sexual abuse, stigmatization, internalizing symptoms, and the development of sexual difficulties and dating aggression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(1):127-37.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rellini AH, Vujanovic AA, Gilbert M, Zvolensky MJ. Childhood maltreatment and difficulties in emotion regulation: associations with sexual and relationship satisfaction among young adult women. J Sex Res. 2012;49(5):434-42.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Schloredt KA, Heiman JR. Perceptions of sexuality as related to sexual functioning and sexual risk in women with different types of childhood abuse histories. J Trauma Stress. 2003;16(3):275-84.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Seehuus M, Clifton J, Rellini AH. The role of family environment and multiple forms of childhood abuse in the shaping of sexual function and satisfaction in women. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44(6):1595-608.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dunlop BW, Hill E, Johnson BN, Klein DN, Gelenberg AJ, Rothbaum BO, et al. Mediators of sexual functioning and marital quality in chronically depressed adults with and without a history of childhood sexual abuse. J Sex Med. 2015;12(3):813-23.[Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi