Objective: To evaluate lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) in benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and hemifacial spasm (HFS), and to analyze the relationship between dry eye and involuntary contractions of the m.orbicularis oculi by comparing unaffected and affected eyes of HFS patients. Materials and Methods: BEB or HFS patients who underwent botulinum toxin injections were included in this comparative two-eye study. Based on the Jankovic rating scale, the frequency and severity of the contractions were recorded. Corneal staining and LWE at the upper eyelids had been detected utilizing the Oxford and Korb grading schemes, respectively. Patients were compared in terms of contractions, corneal staining score, and LWE. The two eyes of patients were also compared within each other. Results: Eighty-two eyes were analyzed (43 with BEB, 39 with HFS). There was no significant difference in terms of contractions, corneal staining, and LWE between BEB and HFS (p>0.05). Corneal staining and LWE in both eyes of BEB patients were similar (p>0.05). However, corneal staining and LWE were significantly lower in unaffected eyes than affected eyes in patients with HFS (p=0.001). Conclusion: The fact that corneal staining and LWE are higher in both eyes of BEB patients and in the affected eye of HFS patients may be evidence that the pressure of the eyelid on the ocular surface and the frequency and amplitude of blinking have a role in the etiopathogenesis of LWE. In the follow-up of both, LWE is one of the examination findings that should be investigated together with dry eye tests.
Keywords: Benign essential blepharospasm; dry eye syndromes; hemifacial spasm
Amaç: Benign esansiyel blefarospazm (BEB) ve hemifasiyal spazmda (HFS) göz kapağı silici epitelyopatisini (KSE) değerlendirmek ve HFS hastalarının etkilenmemiş ve etkilenmiş gözlerini karşılaştırarak kuru göz ile m.orbicularis oculi istemsiz kasılmaları arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmek. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu karşılaştırmalı iki göz çalışmasına botulinum toksini enjeksiyonu yapılan BEB veya HFS hastaları dahil edildi. Jankovic derecelendirme ölçeğine göre kasılmaların sıklığı ve şiddeti kayedildi. Sırasıyla Oxford ve Korb derecelendirme şemaları kullanılarak üst göz kapaklarında kornea boyanması ve KSE tespit edildi. Hastalar kontraksiyon, kornea boyanma skoru ve KSE açısından karşılaştırıldı. Hastaların iki gözü de kendi içinde karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Seksen iki göz analiz edildi (43'ü BEB'li, 39'u HFS'li). BEB ve HFS arasında kontraksiyon, kornea boyanması ve KSE açısından anlamlı fark yoktu (p>0,05). BEB hastalarının her iki gözünde kornea boyanması ve KSE benzerdi (p>0,05). Ancak kornea boyanması ve KSE, etkilenmemiş gözlerde, HFS'li hastaların etkilenen gözlerine göre anlamlı derecede düşüktü (p=0,001). Sonuç: BEB hastalarının her iki gözünde ve HFS hastalarının etkilenen gözünde kornea boyanması ve KSE'nin daha yüksek olması, göz kapağının oküler yüzeye uyguladığı basıncın ve göz kırpma sıklığı ve amplitüdünün KSE etyopatogenezinde rol oynadığının kanıtı olabilir. Her ikisinin takibinde KSE, kuru göz testleri ile birlikte araştırılması gereken muayene bulgularından biridir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Benign esansiyel blefarospazm; kuru göz sendromları; hemifasiyal spazm
- Management and therapy of dry eye disease: report of the Management and Therapy Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007;5(2):163-78. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Malinovsky V. Benign essential blepharospasm. J Am Optom Assoc. 1987;58(8):646-51. [PubMed]
- Abbruzzese G, Berardelli A, Defazio G. Hemifacial spasm. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;100:675-80. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Aniello MS, Di Fede R, Esposito M, Fabbrini G, et al. Eye symptoms in relatives of patients with primary adult-onset dystonia. Mov Disord. 2012;27(2):305-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Elston JS, Marsden CD, Grandas F, Quinn NP. The significance of ophthalmological symptoms in idiopathic blepharospasm. Eye (Lond). 1988;2( Pt 4):435-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Shaw A, Collins M, Huang J, Nguyen HMP, Kim Z, Lee G, et al. Lid wiper epitheliopathy: The influence of multiple lid eversions and exposure time. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2019;42(3):304-10. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Korb DR, Greiner JV, Herman JP, Hebert E, Finnemore VM, Exford JM, et al. Lid-wiper epitheliopathy and dry-eye symptoms in contact lens wearers. CLAO J. 2002;28(4):211-6. [PubMed]
- Efron N, Brennan NA, Morgan PB, Wilson T. Lid wiper epitheliopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016;53:140-74. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yeniad B, Beginoglu M, Bilgin LK. Lid-wiper epitheliopathy in contact lens users and patients with dry eye. Eye Contact Lens. 2010;36(3):140-3. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Korb DR, Herman JP, Blackie CA, Scaffidi RC, Greiner JV, Exford JM, et al. Prevalence of lid wiper epitheliopathy in subjects with dry eye signs and symptoms. Cornea. 2010;29(4):377-83. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Li W, Yeh TN, Leung T, Yuen T, Lerma M, Lin MC. The relationship of lid wiper epitheliopathy to ocular surface signs and symptoms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(5):1878-87. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Schulze MM, Srinivasan S, Hickson-Curran SB, Berntsen DA, Howarth GF, Toubouti Y, et al; Performance of Contact Lens Solutions Study Group. Lid wiper epitheliopathy in soft contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci. 2016;93(8):943-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Muntz A, Subbaraman LN, Craig JP, Jones L. Cytomorphological assessment of the lid margin in relation to symptoms, contact lens wear and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Ocul Surf. 2020;18(2):214-20. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Romero-Caballero MD, Salmerón Ato MP, Palazón-Cabanes A, Caravaca-Alegría A. Lid wiper epitheliopathy in patients with blepharospasm and/or hemifacial spasm. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 2022;97(7):376-80. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Jankovic J, Kenney C, Grafe S, Goertelmeyer R, Comes G. Relationship between various clinical outcome assessments in patients with blepharospasm. Mov Disord. 2009;24(3):407-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- McMonnies CW, Ho A. Patient history in screening for dry eye conditions. J Am Optom Assoc. 1987;58(4):296-301. [PubMed]
- Bron AJ, Evans VE, Smith JA. Grading of corneal and conjunctival staining in the context of other dry eye tests. Cornea. 2003;22(7):640-50. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Korb DR, Herman JP, Greiner JV, Scaffidi RC, Finnemore VM, Exford JM, et al. Lid wiper epitheliopathy and dry eye symptoms. Eye Contact Lens. 2005;31(1):2-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yoshioka E, Yamaguchi M, Shiraishi A, Kono T, Ohta K, Ohashi Y. Influence of eyelid pressure on fluorescein staining of ocular surface in dry eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(4):685-92.e1. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lu R, Huang R, Li K, Zhang X, Yang H, Quan Y, Li Q. The influence of benign essential blepharospasm on dry eye disease and ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(3):591-7.e1-2. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pellegrini M, Schiavi C, Taroni L, Sebastiani S, Bernabei F, Roda M, et al. Ocular surface status in patients with hemifacial spasm under long-lasting treatment with botulinum A toxin: a comparative fellow eye study. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67(9):1405-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Mathers WD, Lemp MA. Morphology and movement of corneal surface cells in humans. Curr Eye Res. 1992;11(6):517-23. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cher I. Blink-related microtrauma: when the ocular surface harms itself. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003;31(3):183-90. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- McMonnies CW. Incomplete blinking: exposure keratopathy, lid wiper epitheliopathy, dry eye, refractive surgery, and dry contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2007;30(1):37-51. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yamamoto Y, Shiraishi A, Sakane Y, Ohta K, Yamaguchi M, Ohashi Y. Involvement of eyelid pressure in lid-wiper epitheliopathy. Curr Eye Res. 2016;41(2):171-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yamaguchi M, Shiraishi A. relationship between eyelid pressure and ocular surface disorders in patients with healthy and dry eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(14):DES56-DES63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi