Kupa tedavisi, binlerce yıllık uygulanma geçmişi ve bilgi birikimiyle günümüze ulaşmış, koruyucu ve tedavi edici özellikli tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamalarından birisidir. Günümüzde kupa tedavisi dünyanın birçok farklı bölgesinde yaygın bir şekilde uygulanmaktadır. Bazı Avrupa ülkelerinde kupa tedavisi, konvansiyonel sağlık sistemine dâhil edilmiştir. Romatoid artrit, hipertansiyon, baş ağrısı, fibromiyalji, bel ağrısı, osteoartrit, miyofasiyal ağrı sendromu ve infertilite gibi birçok farklı endikasyonda tedavi amacıyla ve sağlıklı bireylerde immün sistemi güçlendirmek için kupa tedavisi uygulanabilmektedir. Geniş bir yelpazedeki tıbbi endikasyonlarda uygulanabilen kupa tedavisinin analjezik, anti-inflamatuar, antioksidan vb. birçok etkiye aracılık ettiği düşünülen farklı görüşler ortaya atılmıştır. Taibah teorisi, kapı kontrol teorisi, diffüz noksiyöz inhibitör kontroller, refleks zon teorisi, β-endorfin ve adrenokortikal hormonların salınımı, immün sistem aktivasyonu, nitrik oksit teorisi, dolaşımın detoksifikasyonu teorisi, oksidatif stresin azaltılması, miyofasiyal dekompresyon ve plasebo etkinlik öne sürülen mekanizmalardandır. Literatürde, kupa tedavisinin deneysel ve klinik etkililiğini, güvenliliğini ve etki mekanizmalarını derinlemesine tartışan çalışmaların sayısı yeterli değildir. Bu bağlamda, kupa tedavisinde altta yatan mekanizmalar, ortaya atılan bazı teorilere rağmen henüz tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Özetle bu derlemede kupa tedavisinin tarihi, güncel sınıflaması, ileri sürülen etki mekanizmaları ve kullanıldığı hastalıklar güncel literatür verilerinin kılavuzluğunda anlatılmış olup bu uygulamayla ilgili ülkemizdeki yasal durum ifade edilmiştir. Kupa tedavisinin bilimsel yönleriyle tam olarak anlaşılabilmesi için iyi dizayn edilmiş ileri klinik çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu iyi bilinen bir gerçektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ağrı; tamamlayıcı tedaviler; kupa tedavisi; hacamat; bağışıklık; oksidatif stres
Cupping therapy is one of the traditional and complementary medicine applications that have survived for thousands of years with its history and knowledge. Today, cupping therapy is widely used in many different regions of the world. In some European countries, cupping therapy has been included in the conventional health system. Cupping therapy can be used for the treatment of many different indications such as rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, headache, fibromyalgia, low back pain, osteoarthritis, myofascial pain syndrome, and infertility and also it can be used for strengthening the immune system in healthy individuals. Taibah theory, gate control theory, diffuse noxious inhibitory controls, reflex zone theory, the release of β-endorphin and adrenocortical hormones, immune system activation, nitric oxide theory, circulatory detoxification theory, oxidative stress reduction, myofascial decompression and placebo activity are suggested mechanisms. In the literature, the number of studies that discuss the experimental and clinical efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action of cupping therapy in depth is not sufficient. Based on this relationship, the underlying mechanisms of cupping therapy have not been fully elucidated, despite some theories. To summarize, in this review; history and current classification of cupping therapy, the proposed mechanisms of action and the diseases in which it is used are explained with the guidance of the current literature and the legal situation in our country related to this practice is expressed. To fully understand the scientific aspects of cupping therapy, it is well known that there is a need for well-designed, advanced clinical trials.
Keywords: Pain; complementary therapies; cupping treatment; hijama; immunity; oxidative stress
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