Koryoamniyonit; koryon, amniyotik sıvı, umbilikal kordon ve fetal membranların 20. gestasyon haftasından sonra oluşan enfeksiyon ve/veya inflamasyondur. Çoğunluğu subklinik olup, plasentanın retrospektif histopatolojik analizi ile tanımlanabilmektedir. Enfeksiyonun en sık gelişme şekli, erken membran rüptürü sonrası bakterilerin alt genital sistemden asendan yolla serviks ve koryodesiduel alan üzerinden koryoamniyonik zarı geçerek, amniyotik sıvıya ve fetüse ulaşmasıdır. Ancak bakteriler, membran rüptüre olmadan da hematojen yolla, periton boşluğundan fallopyan tüplerine geçerek veya invaziv işlemler sırasında inoküle edilerek fetüse ulaşabilir. Fetüse geçiş yolu ise fetal damarlara invaze olarak koryovaskülitis veya amniyotik boşluğa geçerek amniyonit yapan bakterilerin, fetal solunum yolu, gastrointestinal yol, timpanik zar ya da konjonktiva gibi mukoz membranlara ulaşımıdır. En sık etkenlerin Ureaplasma suşları (U. parvum ve U. urealyticum) ve genital mikoplazmalar (Mycoplasma hominis) olduğu bilinmektedir; ancak tanımlanan bir mikroorganizma olmadan da gerçekleşebilir. Fetal inflamatuar yanıt sendromu, koryoamniyonit nedeni ile fetal immün sistemin sistemik aktivasyonu ve buna bağlı fetal organların çoğunda ortaya çıkan inflamasyon/enfeksiyon bulgularının toplamıdır. Fetal plazma, interlökin-6 düzey yüksekliği (>11 pg/mL) ve histolojik olarak koryoamniyonit/funizit saptanması bulgularından en az birinin mevcut olması ile tanımlanabilmektedir. Fetal inflamatuar yanıt sendromu, fetüsün beyin, akciğer, böbrek ve kalbine olumsuz etkileriyle çoklu organ harabiyetine sebep olmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Koryoamniyonit; fetal inflamatuar yanıt
Chorioamnionitis is characterized by infection and/or inflammation of the chorion, amniotic fluid, umbilicus and the fetal membranes occuring after the 20th week of gestation. A large proportion of cases are subclinical and not diagnosed until retrospective analysis of the placenta. The most widely accepted route is, ascending of microorganisms from the maternal lower genital tract into the choriodecidual space and crossing the chorioamnionic membrane, thereby reaching the amniotic fluid and fetus, after rupture of membranes. However microorganisms can also reach the amniotic fluid without rupture. The routes to the fetus may be the migration of organisms from the maternal bloodstream across the placenta, anterograde infection from peritoneum via the fallopian tubes, iatrogenic inoculation during invasive procedures. For fetal involvement, bacterias invade the fetal vessels (choriovasculitis) or cross the amnion (amnionitis) into the amniotic cavity, reach the fetus through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract, or through the mucous membranes (tympanic or conjunctiva). Ureaplasma species (U. parvum, U. urealyticum) and genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis) are the most common microorganisms isolated from the amniotic fluid however, it may also occur in the absence of demonstrable microorganisms. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome is a condition characterized by systemic activation of the fetal innate immune system and multiple organ dysfunction due to infection/inflammation. It can be diagnosed with the detection of at least one of the findings of high interleukin-6 concentrations (>11 pg/mL) in fetal plasma and the histological chorioamnionitis/funisitis. Fetal inflammatory response syndrome results in multiorgan disfunction with its negative effects on fetal brain, lung, kidneys and heart.
Keywords: Chorioamnionitis; fetal inflammatory response
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