Kornea ektazisi, korneanın dikleşmesi ve incelmesi ile giden progresif bir hastalıktır. Keratokonus, pellusid marjinal dejenerasyon, keratoglobus gibi hastalıklarda spontan olarak gelişebileceği gibi refraktif cerrahi ve keratoplasti gibi cerrahilerden sonra da gelişebilmektedir. Korneanın, yeni gelişen topografik cihazlarla haritalanmasının yapılabilmesi nedeniyle kornea ektazisinin daha önce bilindiği kadar nadir olmadığı görülmüştür. Spontan gelişen ve cerrahi ile indüklenen kornea ektazisi, her yaştan bireyde görülebilmektedir. Hem cerrahiye bağımlı hem de cerrahiden bağımsız olarak gelişen kornea ektazisi, sonuçta benzer histopatolojik bulgularla sonuçlanmaktadır. Ektazi gelişiminin etiyolojisinde; genetik faktörler, kromozom ve enzim anormallikleri ve çevresel faktörler yer almaktadır. Kornea ektazileri, etiyolojik nedene göre unilateral, bilateral ve/veya asimetrik olarak görülmektedir. Hastalık, klinik olarak saptanamayan veya ''subklinik'' formdan ileri hastalığa kadar farklı şiddette görülmektedir. Her 2 cinsiyette de görülebilen kornea ektazisinin genel semptomları; görme bulanıklığı, görüş kalitesinde azalma ve değişen astigmatizma nedeni ile gözlük numarasının sık değişimidir. Ektazinin erken tanı ve tedavisindeki amaç; görme kaybının önlenmesi, görme keskinliğinin artırılması, kornea ektazisinin belirti ve semptomlarının azaltılması ve kornea nakil gereksiniminin geciktirilmesidir. Tedavinin cerrahi ya da medikal olması, her tedavi seçeneğinin görme düzeyinin etkisine ve hasta için yapılan risk/fayda analizine bağlıdır. Bu derlemede, kornea ektazisinin nedenleri, risk faktörleri, tanı konulurken dikkat edilecek parametreler ve en güncel tedavi seçenekleri, literatürde bulunan makale ve olgu bildirimleri ile paylaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kornea topografisi; kornea nakli; keratokonus; refraktif cerrahi işlemler; kontakt lensler; kornea
Corneal ectasia is a progressive disease that goes with the steepining and thinning of the cornea. It can develop spontaneously in diseases such as keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration, keratoglobus, as well as after surgeries such as; refractive surgery and keratoplasty. Since the cornea can be mapped with newly developed topographic devices, it has been observed that corneal ectasia is not as rare as previously known. Corneal ectasia, spontaneously developed and surgically induced, can be seen in individuals of all ages. Corneal ectasia that develops both surgically and spontaneously results in similar histopathological findings. Genetic factors, chromosomal and enzyme abnormalities and environmental factors are included in the etiology of ectasia. Corneal ectasias are seen as unilateral, bilateral and/or asymmetric according to the etiological reasons. The disease is not clinically detectable or has a different severity from the "subclinical" form to the advanced disease. General symptoms of corneal ectasia, which can be seen in both genders are; blurred vision, decreased quality of vision, and frequent changes in the number of glasses due to the changing astigmatism values. The purpose of early diagnosis and treatment of ectasia are; preventing vision loss, increasing visual acuity, reducing the signs and symptoms of corneal ectasia and delaying the need for corneal transplantation. Whether the treatment is surgical or medical depends on the effect of each treatment option on vision and the risk/benefit analysis for the patient. This review outlines the causes of corneal ectasia, risk factors, parameters of the diagnosis, and the most recent treatment strategies are shared with the articles and case reports in the literature.
Keywords: Corneal topography; corneal transplantation; keratoconus; refractive surgical procedures; contact lenses; cornea
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