Uzun yıllardır kanser tedavisinin esaslarını kemoterapi, radyoterapi ve cerrahi oluşturmakta iken, son iki dekadda 'hedefe yonelik ajanlar' coğu kanserin standart tedavisinde yerini almıştır. Yakın zamanda ise, 'immunoterapi', yani kişinin bağışıklık sisteminin aktive edilerek kanserli hucrelerle mucadele etmesi temeline dayanan yontem, kanser tedavisinde onemli bir alternatif olmuştur. İmmunoterapide elde edilen son gelişme ise kanser tedavisinde devrim olarak gosterilen kimerik antijen reseptor (CAR; chimeric antigen receptor)-T-hucre tedavisidir. Bu tedavi şekli, ozellikle direncli hastalığı olan hematolojik maligniteli vakalara yeni umut ışığı getirmiştir. Klinik denemeler, son donem hastalarda oldukca cesaret verici sonuclar olduğunu gostermiştir. 2017 yılında, iki CAR-T-hucre tedavisi, biri akut lenfoblastik losemili cocukların, diğeri de ilerlemiş lenfomalı erişkinlerin tedavisi icin, Amerikan Gıda ve İlac İdaresi tarafından onaylanmıştır. CAR-T-hucre tedavisi ozellikle B hucre malignitelerine karşı aktif gorulmektedir. Bu durum, CD19 veya CD20'nin tumor hucresi secici ve homojen ekspresyonunun yanı sıra CAR T hucrelerine daha kolay erişimden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ancak, araştırmacılar halen meme kanseri ve kolorektal kanser gibi katı tumorlere karşı etkili olup olmayacağına ilişkin araştırmaları surdurmektedir. CAR-T-hucre tedavisi, etkileyici klinik faydalar gostermiş olsa da bazen yaşamı tehdit edici olabilecek ceşitli toksisiteler ile de ilişkilidir. Sitokin salınım sendromu şu ana kadar en sık gozlenen ilac reaksiyonu olmuştur. Bu calışmada, CAR-T-hucre tedavisinin ozellikleri, yan etkileri ve ozellikle hematolojik kanserlerdeki uygulamalarından bahsedilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: CD19 antijen; hematolojik maligniteler
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery have been the mainstay of cancer treatment for years, while targeted therapies have cemented as standard treatments for many cancers over the last two decades. Nowadays, immunotherapy based on the activation of the patient's immune system to attack cancer cells-has emerged as an important alternative in cancer treatment. And the latest developments in immunotherapy is a revolutionary cancer treatment called as chimeric antigen reseptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. This type of treatment has brought new hope to patients with relapse/refractary hematological malignancies. Clinical trials have shown very encouraging results in end-stage patients. In 2017, two CAR-T-cell therapies were approved by the Food and Drug Administration, one for the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the other for adults with advanced lymphomas. CAR-T-cell therapy appears to be especially active against B‐cell malignancies. This is due to the tumor cell selective and homogenous expression of CD19 or CD20 as well as the easier access for CAR-T-cells. Nevertheless, researchers are still investigating whether they will be effective against solid tumors such as breast cancer and colorectal cancer. While CAR-T-cell therapy has shown impressive clinical advantage, it is sometimes related with a variety of toxicities that can be life‐threatening. Cytokine-release syndrome has been the most common observed adverse drug reaction. In this review, the characteristics, side effects and especially the applications of CART- cell therapy in hematological cancers will be discussed.
Keywords: CD19 antigens; hematological neoplasms
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