Kardiyak cerrahisi sonrası erken dönemde en sık görülen psikiyatrik rahatsızlık olan deliryum, hafif ya da belirgin nörobilişsel fonksiyon bozukluğuna yol açan, hipoperfüzyon ya da infarkt tarzında serebral hasarlanma veya majör bir komplikasyon olarak ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Serebral hasarın altta yatan nedenleri arasında beynin kan akımındaki değişiklikler, emboliler ve kardiyopulmoner baypas esnasındaki hemodinamik değişiklikler sayılabilir. Kardiyak cerrahi sonrası deliryumun önlenmesi yoğun bakım ünitesinde başlamalı, serviste devam etmeli ve taburculuk sonrası dönemi de kapsamalıdır. Hemşireler, hastalarla sürekli iletişim içinde olmaları nedeni ile deliryumdaki hastaların oryantasyonlarında, deliryum gelişimini önlemede ve tedavisinde anahtar konumdadırlar. Değerlendirmede bireysel risk faktörleri kadar çevresel risk faktörleri de dikkate alınarak predispozan faktörler önlenmeli, bireye özgü hemşirelik bakımı planlanarak uygulanmalı ve sonuçları değerlendirilmelidir. Bu çalışma, kardiyak cerrahi geçiren hastalarda deliryum gelişim insidansını, risk faktörlerini, önleyici/tedavi edici girişimleri ve hemşirelik bakımını literatür ışığında tartışmak amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Deliryum; kardiyak cerrahi; hemşirelik bakımı
Delirium, the most common psychiatric disorder in the early postoperative period, may present as a major complication of cerebral injury or hypoperfusion or infarction, leading to mild or significant neurocognitive dysfunction. The underlying causes of serebral injury include; changes in the blood flow of the brain, emboli and hemodynamic changes during cardiopulmonary bypass. Prevention of delirium after cardiac surgery should begin in the intensive care unit, continue at the service and include post-discharge period. Since nurses are in constant communication with the patient, they are the key to the prevention and treatment of delirium in the orientation of the patients in the delirium. Considering the environmental risk factors as well as individual risk factors, the predisposing factors should be prevented, individualized nursing care should be planned and applied and the results should be evaluated. This article discusses the incidence of delirium development, risk factors, preventive/therapeutic interventions and nursing care in patients undergoing cardiac surgery to discuss the literature.
Keywords: Delirium; cardiac surgery; nursing care
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