Son dönem karaciğer yetmezliği bulunan hastalar, sıklıkla birden fazla kronik hastalığı bulunan ve organlarında fizyolojik bozuklukları olan hastalardır. Bu hastalarda malnütrisyon, sarılık, kanama bozuklukları, elektrolit dengesizlikleri, enfeksiyon, nörolojik semptomlar, uzamış hastane yatışları gibi klinik durumlar söz konusu olabilmektedir. Ameliyat öncesi dönemde nakil listesinde uzun bekleme süreci de hastaların klinik durumunu daha da ağırlaştırabilmektedir. Ayrıca donör kriterlerinin, son yıllarda eskisine kıyasla çok daha genişletilmiş olması çoklu hastalığı olan bireyleri donör olabilir hâle getirmiştir. Bu durum, alıcının ameliyat sonrası klinik durumunu daha da kritik hâle getirmektedir. Büyük bir cerrahi girişim olan karaciğer naklinin riskleri, bu faktörler ile birleştiğinde ameliyat sonrası dönemde yönetimi zor olan bir süreç ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu nedenle karaciğer nakli yapılan hastaların, ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakım izlemi ve hemşirelik bakımı kritik önem taşımaktadır. Bu makalede, karaciğer nakli yapılan hastanın yoğun bakım sürecine yer verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Karaciğer nakli; hemşirelik bakımı; postoperatif bakım; yoğun bakım
Patients who have end-stage liver failure are often patients with more than one chronic disease and physiological disorders in their organs. These patients may have clinical conditions such as malnutrition, jaundice, bleeding disorders, electrolyte imbalances, infection, neurological symptoms, prolonged hospitalizations. The long waiting period in the transplant list in the preoperative period may also worsen the clinical condition of the patients. In addition, the donor criteria have been expanded in recent years compared to the past has made individuals with multiple diseases become donors. This situation, combined with the risks of liver transplant, which is already a major surgical intervention, reveals a process that is difficult to manage in the postoperative period. Therefore, post-operative intensive care followup and nursing care is critical for patients who have had a liver transplant. In this article, intensive care process of liver transplant patient is given.
Keywords: Liver transplantation; nursing care; postoperative care; critical care
- Heron M. Deaths: leading causes for 2017. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2019;68(6):1-75.[Link]
- Adam R, Karam V, Cailliez V, O Grady JG, Mirza D, Cherqui D, et al; all the other 126 contributing centers (www.eltr.org) and the European Liver and Intestine Transplant Association (ELITA). 2018 Annual Report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) - 50-year evolution of liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2018;31(12):1293-1317.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Health Resources and Services Administration. Organ procurement and transplantation network. Avaible at Accessed March 23, 2020.[Link]
- Turkey Organ Transplantation Statistics. [Patients waiting for transplant]. Avaible at Accessed June 15, 2020.[Link]
- Karapanagiotou A, Pitsoulis A, Vasileiou M, Voloudakis N. Management of patients with liver transplantation in ICU. Liver Disease and Surgery. IntechOpen. 2019.[Crossref]
- Rudow DL, Goldstein MJ. Critical care management of the liver transplant recipient. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2008;31(3):232-43.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Feltracco P, Barbieri S, Galligioni H, Michieletto E, Carollo C, Ori C, et al. Intensive care management of liver transplanted patients. World J Hepatol. 2011;27;3(3):61-71.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- McGinnis CW, Hays SM. Adults with liver failure in the ıntensive care unit: a transplant primer for nurses. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2018;30(1):137-48.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mendes KD, Galvão CM. Liver transplantation: evidence for nursing care. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2008;16(5):915-22.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Grogan TA. Liver transplantation: issues and nursing care requirements. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2011;23(3):443-56.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Oliveira N, Oliveira T, Corrêa A, Tiensoli SD, Bonisson PLV, Guimarães G, et al. Nursing diagnoses of post-liver transplantation patients in outpatient follow-up. Cogitare Enferm. 2019;24:59149.[Crossref]
- Karayurt Ö, Ordin Sarıgöl Y, İşeri ÖP. [Organ ve Doku Nakli]. Eti Aslan F, editör. Cerrahi Bakım Vaka Analizleri ile Birlikte. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; 2017. p.911-56.
- Lemon K, Al-Khafaji A, Humar A. Critical care management of living donor liver transplants. Crit Care Clin. 2019;35(1):107-16.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nandhakumar A, McCluskey SA, Srinivas C, Chandy TT. Liver transplantation: advances and perioperative care. Indian J Anaesth. 2012;56(4):326-35.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Akan M. [Critical care management after adult liver transplantation]. J Turk Soc Intensive Care. 2017;15(1):1-20.[Crossref]
- Beattie C, Gillies MA. Anaesthesia and intensive care for adult liver transplantation. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2015;16(7):339-43.[Crossref]
- Novicki LV. Nursing care of patients with liver, pancreatic and gallbladder disorders. In: Williams LS, Hopper PD, eds. Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing. 5th ed. Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company; 2015. p.779-92.
- Williams LS. Nursing care of patients having surgery. In: Williams LS, Hopper PD, eds. Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing. 5th ed. Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company; 2015. p.221-36.[Crossref]
- Carpenito-Mojet LJ. Hemşirelik Tanıları El Kitabı. Erdemir F, çeviri editörü. 13. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; p.418-21.
- Saner FH, Sotiropoulos GC, Radtke A, Fouzas I, Molmenti EP, Nadalin S, et al. Intensive care unit management of liver transplant patients: a formidable challenge for the intensivist. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(9):3206-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rudnick MR, Marchi LD, Plotkin JS. Hemodynamic monitoring during liver transplantation: a state of the art review. World J Hepatol. 2015;8;7(10):1302-11.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Demir Korkmaz F, Öden TN. Cerrahi yoğun bakım ünitelerinde hemodinamik izlem. Özer N, editör. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2019. p.6-15.
- Russell TA, Fritschel E, Do J, Donovan M, Keckeisen M, Agopian VG, et al. Minimizing central line-associated bloodstream infections in a high-acuity liver transplant intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control. 2019;47(3):305-12.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yazici G, Bulut H. Efficacy of a care bundle to prevent multiple infections in the intensive care unit: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design study. Appl Nurs Res. 2018;39:4-10.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, et al; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) (Appendix 1). Summary of recommendations: guidelines for the prevention of ıntravascular catheter-related Infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(9):1087-99.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ullman AJ, Cooke ML, Mitchell M, Lin F, New K, Long DA, et al. Dressings and securement devices for central venous catheters (CVC). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;10;2015(9):CD010367.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Karapanagiotou A, Kydona C, Papadopoulos S, Giasnetsova T, Sgourou K, Pasakiotou M, et al. Infections after orthotopic liver transplantation in the intensive care unit. Transplant Proc. 2012;44(9):2748-50.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tannuri U, Tannuri AC. Postoperative care in pediatric liver transplantation. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2014;69 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):42-6.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Tekin YE, İyigün E. [Investigation of the nurses tracheostomy/endotracheal tube cuff pressure practices in intensive care units]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2016;8(1):26-33.[Crossref]
- Nazari R, Boyle C, Panjoo M, Salehpour-Omran M, Nia HS, Yaghoobzadeh A, et al. The changes of endotracheal tube cuff pressure during manual and intermittent controlling in intensive care units. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;27;25(1):71-5.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Lorente L, Lecuona M, Jiménez A, Lorenzo L, Roca I, Cabrera J, et al. Continuous endotracheal tube cuff pressure control system protects against ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care. 2014;21;18(2):R77.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hoch C. Nursing management postoperative care. In: Lewis SL, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM, Bucher L, eds. Medical Surgical Nursing Assesment and Management Clinical Problems. 9th edition. Canada: Elseiver; 2014. p.349-68.
- Lavallée JF, Gray TA, Dumville J, Russell W, Cullum N. The effects of care bundles on patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):142.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Madhuvu A, Endacott R, Plummer V, Morphet J. Nurses' knowledge, experience and self-reported adherence to evidence-based guidelines for prevention of ventilator-associated events: a national online survey. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2020;59:102827.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Okgün Alcan A, Demir Korkmaz F, Uyar M. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: use of the care bundle approach. Am J Infect Control. 2016;1;44(10):e173-e6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Klompas M, Branson R, Eichenwald EC, Greene LR, Howell MD, Lee G, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35 Suppl 2:S133-54.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Weinberg L, Huang A, Alban D, Jones R, Story D, McNicol L, et al. Prevention of hypothermia in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation using the humigard® open surgery humidification system: a prospective randomized pilot and feasibility clinical trial. BMC Surg. 2017;23;17(1):10.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Díaz M, Becker DE. Thermoregulation: physiological and clinical considerations during sedation and general anesthesia. Anesth Prog. 2010;57(1):25-32; quiz 33-4.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Esnaola NF, Cole DJ. Perioperative normothermia during major surgery: is it important? Adv Surg. 2011;45:249-63.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- McSwain JR, Yared M, Doty JW, Wilson SH. Perioperative hypothermia: Causes, consequences and treatment. World J Anesthesiol. 2015;4(3):58-65.[Crossref]
- Hooper VD, Chard R, Clifford T, Fetzer S, Fossum S, Godden B, et al; ASPAN. ASPAN's evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the promotion of perioperative normothermia: second edition. J Perianesth Nurs. 2010;25(6):346-65.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia: the management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults NICE guideline. 2008; 1-20. (Erişim Tarihi: 29 Nisan 2020)[Link]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Global guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. 2016. (Erişim Tarihi: 29 Nisan 2020)[Link]
- Guideline summary: prevention of unplanned patient hypothermia. AORN J. 2016;103(3):314-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Şimşek M. [Nakil İmmünolojisi]. Çevik C, Özyürek P, editör. Organ Nakli Hemşireliği. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2017. p.75-81.
- Driscoll CJ, Gallgher L, Schaeffer MJ. Liver transplantation. In: Cupples S, Lerret S, McCalmont V, Ohler L, eds. Core Curriculum For Transplant Nurses. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2017. p.510-45.
- Bernardi M, Ricci CS, Santi L. Hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Clin Med. 2014;31;4(1):85-101.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rando K, Vázquez M, Cervi-o G, Zunini G. Hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia and massive hemorrhage in liver transplantation. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2014;42(3):214-19.[Crossref]
- Harding MM. Fluid, electrolyte and asid-base imbalance. In: Lewis SL, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM, Bucher L, Harding M, eds. Medical Surgical Nursing Assesment and Management Clinical Problems. 9th ed. Canada: Elseiver; 2014. p.285-314.
- Sumberaz A, Centenaro M, Ansaldi F, Ancarani AO, Andorno E, Icardi G, et al. Relationship between laboratory parameters and intensive care unit stay post-liver transplantation: proposal of a model. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(6):1868-70.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nurten A. Sindirim Sistemi. Berkowitz A. Basitleştirilmiş Klinik Patofizyoloji. Enç N, Nurten A, Zengin Türkmen A, Ünal M, Yayla V, çeviri editörleri. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2016. p.82-7.
- Hall JE. The liver as an organ. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Elseiver; 2016. p.881-6.
- Han E, Kim MS, Kim YS, Kang ES. Risk assessment and management of post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2016;65(10):1559-69.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Aydın K. Diyabetik hastanın yoğun bakımda takibi. Ersöz Gülçelik N, editör. Endokrin Hastasının Perioperatif Değerlendirilmesi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2019. p.10-8.
- Doğruer K, Ocak İ, Koçak B, Kanmaz T, Acarlı K, Kalayoğlu M, et al. [Intensive care management for liver transplantation]. Yoğun Bakım Dergisi. 2007;7(4):417-25.[Link]
- Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, Higashiguchi T, Hübner M, Klek S, et al. ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(3):623-50.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Demir B, Saritas S. Effect of hand massage on pain and anxiety in patients after liver transplantation: a randomised controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;39:101152.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Levy MF, Greene L, Ramsay MA, Jennings LW, Ramsay KJ, Meng J, et al. Readmission to the intensive care unit after liver transplantation. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(1):18-24.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cardoso FS, Karvellas CJ, Kneteman NM, Meeberg G, Fidalgo P, Bagshaw SM, et al. Respiratory rate at intensive care unit discharge after liver transplant is an independent risk factor for intensive care unit readmission within the same hospital stay: a nested case-control study. J Crit Care. 2014;29(5):791-6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ragonete Dos Anjos Agostini AP, de Fatima Santana Boin I, Marques Tonella R, Heidemann Dos Santos AM, Eiras Falcão AL, Muterli Logato C, et al. Mortality predictors after liver transplant in the intensive care unit. Transplant Proc. 2018;50(5):1424-7. Erratum in: Transplant Proc. 2018;50(6):1922.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Laici C, Gamberini L, Bardi T, Siniscalchi A, Reggiani MLB, Faenza S, et al. Early infections in the intensive care unit after liver transplantation-etiology and risk factors: a single-center experience. Transpl Infect Dis. 2018;20(2):e12834.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Oliveira RA, Turrini RN, Poveda Vde B. [Adherence to immunosuppressive therapy following liver transplantation: an integrative review]. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2016;29;24:e2778.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Tome S, Wells JT, Said A, Lucey MR. Quality of life after liver transplantation. A systematic review. J Hepatol. 2008;48(4):567-77.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yang LS, Shan LL, Saxena A, Morris DL. Liver transplantation: a systematic review of long-term quality of life. Liver Int. 2014;34(9):1298-313.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ko D, Bratzke LC, Muehrer RJ, Brown RL. Self-management in liver transplantation. Appl Nurs Res. 2019;45:30-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Moayed MS, Ebadi A, Khodaveisi M, Nassiri Toosi M, Soltanian AR, Khatiban M, et al. Factors influencing health self-management in adherence to care and treatment among the recipients of liver transplantation. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2018;16;12:2425-36.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
.: İşlem Listesi