Günümüzde kanser tanısı için gerekli yöntem, cerrahi işlem gerektiren doku biyopsi tekniğinin uygulanmasıdır. Yöntemin cerrahi işlem gerektirmesi, tümör heterojenite ve mekânsal gibi sınırlamaları olması nedeni ile kanserin erken tanısı, takibi ve hedefe yönelik tedavi ile birlikte bireysel tıp alanındaki ilerlemelere yönelik hastaya kolaylık sağlayan noninvaziv tekniklere ihtiyaç vardır. Bu doğrultuda, son yıl- larda noninvaziv bir yöntem olan 'likid biyopsi (LB)' tekniği hızla gelişmeye başlamış ve kanser tanısı, tedavi planlaması, kanserin gerçek zamanlı takibi ilaç direnci tespiti için alternatif bir yöntem olabileceğine inanılmaktadır. LB tekniği, kanda dolaşan tümör hücrelerini veya tümör hücrelerinin DNA parçalarını tespit etmek amacıyla kan örneği üzerinde yapılan test olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu durumda dolaşımdaki kan kullanılıp klinik açıdan önemli olan genetik biyobelirteçler tespit edilebilir ve moleküler analizlerde detaylı olarak incelenebilir. Dahası tüm hastalık bölgelerinden gelen genetik materyal dolaşımda serbest olarak bulunduğundan, kan örneklemesi vücutta gelişen kanserin gerçek zamanlı, temsili bir görüntüsünü sağlayabilir. Teknik kanda apoptoz veya nekroz yoluyla kana salınan CTC, ctDNA ve hücre dışı veziküller bileşenlerin analizini kapsamaktadır. Bu derlemede, kanser tedavilerine yardımcı olacağına inandığımız, LB tekniğinin yeteneğine ve bileşenlerine odaklanılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kanser; likid biyopsi; CTC; ctDNA; eksozomlar; miRNA
The traditional method necessary for the diagnosis of cancer is the application of tissue biopsy technique that requires surgical procedure. However, due to surgical procedures and tumor heterogeneity and spatial limitations, there is a need for noninvasive techniques that facilitate the patient for early diagnosis, follow-up and targeted treatment together with advances in personalized medicine. In this respect, liquid biopsy (LB) technique, which is a noninvasive method, has started to develop rapidly in recent years and it is believed that it can be used as an alternative method for cancer diagnosis, treatment planning, real time monitoring of cancer and drug resistance detection. LB is defined as a test performed on a blood sample to detect circulating tumor cells or DNA fragments of tumor cells. In this case, circulating blood can be used for detection of clinically important genetic biomarkers and analyzed in details for molecular analysis. Moreover, since genetic material from all disease sites is freely available in the circulation, blood sampling can provide a real time, representative image of cancer developing in the body. The technique involves the analysis of CTC, ctDNA and extracellular vesicles compounds that are released into the blood via apoptosis or necrosis in the blood. In this review, we will focus on the capability and components of the LB technique that we believe will help cancer treatments in more advence.
Keywords: Cancer; liquid biopsy; CTCs; ctDNA; exosomes; miRNA
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