Pelvik taban, tüm pelvik boşluğu kaplayan karmaşık fonksiyonel bir yapıdır. Bu yapının önemli bir parçası olan pelvik taban kasları ve bunların fasyaları birlikte üretraya, vajinaya ve rektuma destek sağlar ve üretral, vajinal ve anal açıklıkları daraltır. Ek olarak, pelvik taban kasları, karın ve sırt kasları ile sinerjik bir şekilde çalışarak omurganın desteklenmesini ve lumbo-pelvik stabilitenin korunmasını sağlar. Spor sırasında pelvik taban üzerine etki eden kuvvetler, sporun enerji metabolizması ve hormonlar üzerindeki etkileri ile kadın sporcularda pelvik taban üzerindeki değişimler açıklanabilmektedir. Bu değişimler, alt üriner sistem semptomları, anorektal semptomlar, pelvik organ prolapsusları, cinsel işlev bozuklukları ve pelvik ağrı ile ilişkili çeşitli pelvik taban disfonksiyonlarına (PTD) neden olabilmektedir. Kadın sporcularda PTD görülme sıklığının belirlenmesi, sporun pelvik taban kasları üzerine olan etkilerinin farkındalığının artırılması, pelvik taban sağlığını koruma ve iyileştirme yöntemlerinin bilinmesi, kadın sporcuların PTD'ye bağlı sporu bırakma ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyini azaltma davranışlarının önüne geçebilir ve ayrıca sporcuların spor performanslarının ve yaşam kalitelerinin iyileşmesine neden olabilir. Bu kapsamda bu derleme, kadın pelvik tabanını, pelvik taban kaslarını, fonksiyonlarını ve disfonksiyonlarını tanımlamayı, kadın sporcularda pelvik taban kaslarındaki değişimleri, bunların nedenlerini ve kadın sporcularda görülen çeşitli PTD prevalanslarını özetlemeyi, PTD yönetiminde kullanılan fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon yöntemlerini ve kadın sporcularda bu yöntemlerin etkilerini tartışmayı amaçladı.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fizik tedavi modaliteleri; kadın; pelvik taban; sporcular; pelvik taban kusurları
The pelvic floor is a complex functional structure that occupies the entire of pelvic cavity. Pelvic floor muscles, an important part of this structure, their fascia together provide support for the urethra, vagina, and rectum and constrict the urethral, vaginal, and anal orifices. In addition, it supports the spine and maintains lumbo-pelvic stability by working synergistically with the pelvic floor muscles, abdominal and back muscles. Changes on pelvic floor in female athletes can be explained with the forces acting on the pelvic floor during sports, the effects of sports on energy metabolism and hormones. These changes can cause various pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) associated with lower urinary tract symptoms, anorectal symptoms, pelvic organ prolapses, sexual dysfunctions and pelvic pain. Determining the incidence of PFD in female athletes, raising awareness of the effects of sports on pelvic floor muscles, knowing the methods of protecting and improving pelvic floor health can prevent female athletes from quitting sports and reducing physical activity level due to the PFD, and also can lead to the improvement of sports performance and quality of life of athletes. In this context, this review aims to describe the female pelvic floor, pelvic floor muscles, functions and dysfunctions, to summarize the changes of pelvic floor muscles, their causes in female athletes and the prevalence of various PFD in female athletes, and to discuss the physiotherapy and rehabilitation methods used in the management of PFD and the effects of these methods in female athletes.
Keywords: Physical therapy modalities; female; pelvic floor; athletes; pelvic floor disorders
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