Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system. The objective of the treatment of MS is to prevent relapses, to delay disability and loss of brain volume. It has been shown that B cells play an important role in the progression of the disease. B cells carry the CD20 surface marker and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies bind to CD20 marker. Therefore, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies cause depletion of B cells. Due to their different chemical structures and binding sites, the cell killing mechanisms and cell surface binding rates of monoclonal antibodies also differ. Monoclonal antibody treatments are known as highly effective and well tolerated options in the treatment of MS. Rituximab and ublituximab are chimeric, ocrelizumab is humanized, and ofatumumab is a fully human antibody. The most common and outstanding adverse effect is known as infusion-related reactions, which are most commonly seen with rituximab. Infusion-related reactions observed in about 40-70% of patients receiving rituximab, 20-30% with ocrelizumab, 20-50% with ofatumumab and 40-50% with ublituximab. The grades of infusion-related reactions varies. Although it is possible to prevent certain infusion-related reactions with premedication, it is sometimes necessary to interrupt the infusion or to implement symptomatic treatment. Therefore, patients and healthcare professionals should be aware of the possibility of an infusion-related reaction. This review aims to increase the visibility of infusion-related reactions occurring with monoclonal antibody treatments and to facilitate to prevention.
Keywords: Multiple sclerosis; infusions; monoclonal antibody
Multipl skleroz (MS), santral sinir sistemini etkileyen kronik bir hastalıktır. MS tedavisinin amacı; atakları önlemek, özürlülüğü ve beyin hacmi kaybını geciktirmektir. B hücrelerinin hastalığın ilerlemesinde önemli bir rol oynadığı gösterilmiştir. B hücreleri, CD20 yüzey proteinini taşımakta ve anti-CD20 monoklonal antikorları da CD20 proteinine bağlanmaktadır. Böylece anti-CD20 monoklonal antikorları B hücrelerinin tükenmesine neden olmaktadır. Farklı kimyasal yapıları ve bağlanma yerleri nedeniyle monoklonal antikorların hücre öldürme mekanizmaları ve hücre yüzeyine bağlanma oranları da farklılık göstermektedir. Monoklonal antikor tedavileri, MS tedavisinde oldukça etkin, sık tercih edilen tedavi seçenekleridir ve tolere edilebilir oldukları bilinmektedir. Rituksimab ve ublituksimab şimerik molekülken; okrelizumab insanlaştırılmış, ofatumumab ise tamamen insan antikorudur. En yaygın görülen advers etki, infüzyon ilişkili reaksiyonlardır. İnfüzyon ilişkili reaksiyonların anti-CD20 monoklonal antikorlarından en sık rituksimab ile görüldüğü bilinmektedir. Rituksimab alan hastaların %40-70'inde, okrelizumab alanların %20-30'unda, ofatumumab alanların %20-50'sinde ve ublituksimab alanların %40-50'sinde infüzyon ilişkili reaksiyonlar bildirilmiştir. Bu antikorların ortaya çıkardığı infüzyon ilişkili reaksiyonların dereceleri ise değişmektedir. Premedikasyon ile infüzyon ilişkili reaksiyonları kısmen önlemek mümkün olsa da bazı durumlarda infüzyona ara vermek veya semptomatik tedavi uygulamak gerekebilmektedir. Bu nedenle hastalar ve sağlık çalışanlarının, infüzyon ilişkili reaksiyonların farkında olması önerilmektedir. Bu derleme, monoklonal antikor tedavileri ile oluşan infüzyon ilişkili reaksiyonların görünürlüğünü artırmayı ve bu reaksiyonların önlenmesini kolaylaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Multipl skleroz; infüzyonlar; monoklonal antikor
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